Sport Marketing Is A Way For Companies To Sell Goods And

Sport marketing is a way for companies to sell goods and services at sporting events such as football, hockey and Nascar. With millions of viewers at these sporting events, it makes for a great place to advertise for a company because they are sure to get some business from people who are intrigued by some form of advertisement. These companies take a risk every time they spend money on advertisement, it is a large investment so they could win it all and attract customers or they could lose it all due to poor advertisement. Nietzsche talks about â€Å"pushing oneself and others to go beyond the normal range in effort into a realm that may result in great joy or great sorrow.† (Malloy,Lang 2016) This is a great way for a company to think when†¦show more content†¦He then goes on to explain how in our lives we need to experience some type of suffering, so that one can overcome the situation and learn from the experience. Taking a risk can also benefit a person or compan y, because as Nietzsche explains you could do the same ordinary thing over and over and play it safe or you can take the risk and experience the failure but then once you experience success it is the best feeling. If we do the same thing over and over again it becomes dull and unentertaining, so by taking the risk its keeps you on the edge of your seat with a chance for either failure or success. Both Bud and Nietzsche head towards their balls, Nietzsche swings first for the second hit and hooked his ball to the left of the green, whereas Bud managed to hit his ball out of the gorse to the back of the green, leaving both golfers with difficult shots to the pin. Bud became disappointed to three putt, leaving him with a bogey, the same as Nietzsche. Upset, Bud remembered Aristotle’s belief in the golden mean: we shouldn’t lose control of our passion, but neither should we become automatons. There must be a middle path to follow that allows usShow MoreRelatedNike Products Versus Sport Products902 Words   |  4 PagesNonsport products versus Sport products â€Å"Sport marketing consists of all activities designed to meet the needs and wants of sport consumers through exchange processes† (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton 2014, p.13). However, with its acknowledged contribution to local, national, and global economies most may or may not come to the conclusion as to what is really meant by the term ‘sport marketing’ (Fullerton and Merz, 2008). The concept of sport marketing is so broad that different people may perceiveRead MoreMarketing Of A Good Cash Flow973 Words   |  4 Pages Marketing plays an important part in successful business undertakings role. The way one markets one’s business will determine one’s level of success or failure process. The major factor to successful marketing is to know the customers’ demands, supplies, and mindset. They are the ones to determine whether one stays in business. Look for ways to gather as much insight and suggestions from customers in positive situations as much as possible. Ask for their advice, problems, and insights in everyRead MoreThe Is The Undisputed Leading Media And Marketing Company Focused On Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome the undisputed leading media and marketing company focused on women. And the Meredith’s goal is to connected with all stages of women’s life to inaugurate families and empty nesters. Also Meredith doesn’t introduce itself as magazine publisher. Meredith is an establisher that attracted to, cable programming, the Internet and television.in addition the company was successful in social networking and its aim is to interact with women’s life in a meaningful way for long period time. Meredith knowsRead MoreNike Strategy1302 Words   |  6 PagesLong Project I picked Nike, Inc as the multinational company to study. 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According to Interbrand (2013), Nike carries on with endorsing famous sports athletes including

Sport Marketing Is A Way For Companies To Sell Goods And

Sport marketing is a way for companies to sell goods and services at sporting events such as football, hockey and Nascar. With millions of viewers at these sporting events, it makes for a great place to advertise for a company because they are sure to get some business from people who are intrigued by some form of advertisement. These companies take a risk every time they spend money on advertisement, it is a large investment so they could win it all and attract customers or they could lose it all due to poor advertisement. Nietzsche talks about â€Å"pushing oneself and others to go beyond the normal range in effort into a realm that may result in great joy or great sorrow.† (Malloy,Lang 2016) This is a great way for a company to think when†¦show more content†¦He then goes on to explain how in our lives we need to experience some type of suffering, so that one can overcome the situation and learn from the experience. Taking a risk can also benefit a person or compan y, because as Nietzsche explains you could do the same ordinary thing over and over and play it safe or you can take the risk and experience the failure but then once you experience success it is the best feeling. If we do the same thing over and over again it becomes dull and unentertaining, so by taking the risk its keeps you on the edge of your seat with a chance for either failure or success. Both Bud and Nietzsche head towards their balls, Nietzsche swings first for the second hit and hooked his ball to the left of the green, whereas Bud managed to hit his ball out of the gorse to the back of the green, leaving both golfers with difficult shots to the pin. Bud became disappointed to three putt, leaving him with a bogey, the same as Nietzsche. Upset, Bud remembered Aristotle’s belief in the golden mean: we shouldn’t lose control of our passion, but neither should we become automatons. There must be a middle path to follow that allows usShow MoreRelatedNike Products Versus Sport Products902 Words   |  4 PagesNonsport products versus Sport products â€Å"Sport marketing consists of all activities designed to meet the needs and wants of sport consumers through exchange processes† (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton 2014, p.13). However, with its acknowledged contribution to local, national, and global economies most may or may not come to the conclusion as to what is really meant by the term ‘sport marketing’ (Fullerton and Merz, 2008). The concept of sport marketing is so broad that different people may perceiveRead MoreMarketing Of A Good Cash Flow973 Words   |  4 Pages Marketing plays an important part in successful business undertakings role. The way one markets one’s business will determine one’s level of success or failure process. The major factor to successful marketing is to know the customers’ demands, supplies, and mindset. They are the ones to determine whether one stays in business. Look for ways to gather as much insight and suggestions from customers in positive situations as much as possible. Ask for their advice, problems, and insights in everyRead MoreThe Is The Undisputed Leading Media And Marketing Company Focused On Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome the undisputed leading media and marketing company focused on women. And the Meredith’s goal is to connected with all stages of women’s life to inaugurate families and empty nesters. Also Meredith doesn’t introduce itself as magazine publisher. Meredith is an establisher that attracted to, cable programming, the Internet and television.in addition the company was successful in social networking and its aim is to interact with women’s life in a meaningful way for long period time. Meredith knowsRead MoreNike Strategy1302 Words   |  6 PagesLong Project I picked Nike, Inc as the multinational company to study. 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The marketing mix enables a company to present its products or services to its most potential target market in the most effectiveRead MoreDefining Marketing - Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success1005 Words   |  5 PagesDefining Marketing Michelle Watson Marketing 421 April 16, 2012 Kim Wm. Houseman Definition of Marketing Marketing is often misunderstood. Ask the average person how they would define marketing and a majority would reply with something along the lines of commercials, ads, brochures, and other items used to market a business. Marketing is complex. It is a process, a practice, and a philosophy. As a process, it moves goods and services from an idea all the way throughRead MoreSwot - so Analysis Nike1366 Words   |  6 Pagesshoemaker in the world. It designs and sells shoes for a big variety of sports including basketball, baseball, golf, soccer, volleyball, tennis, football and running. - Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. Its products go through a rigorous quality control before they go to market. Despite the cost to keep a high-level research and quality control departments, Nike always try to offer its goods to customers at the lowest possibleRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Nike1118 Words   |  5 PagesTrack C lub for runners with Finish Line, House of Hoops for Basketball with Foot Locker, and Field House with Dick’s Sporting Goods Store. This allows Nike to have premium pricing. Their respective wholesale partners (Finish Line, Foot Locker, Dick’s Sporting Goods Store) also gain from their partnership with Nike by gaining spotlight from Nike’s popularity. When items don’t sell at retail stores, items are sent to Nike factory outlet stores. Items at Nike factory outlets still have the premium feelRead MoreNike vs Adidas1127 Words   |  5 PagesENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECT CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. | ACKNOWLGEMENT | 2. | AIM | 3. | INTODUCTION OF THE COMPANIES | 4. | COMPARISION OF MARKETING STRATEGY | 5. | DATA ANALYSIS | 6. | DATA REPORT | 7. | CONCLUSION | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my teacher Mrs. Grace for her extensive support in the completion of this entrepreneurship project and also providing me with help full tips. ThisRead MoreNike s Marketing Practises With Puma1092 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss Nike’s marketing practises with Puma; these two companies will be compared and will be supported by examples and references that will be shown throughout the essay. To begin with, Nike is the world’s largest sports brand while Puma is currently the third largest sports company after Adidas in the sports industry. (Heydt, 2013). Nike’s brand value is continuously increasing each year. (Interbrand, 2013). According to Interbrand (2013), Nike carries on with endorsing famous sports athletes including

Sport Marketing Is A Way For Companies To Sell Goods And

Sport marketing is a way for companies to sell goods and services at sporting events such as football, hockey and Nascar. With millions of viewers at these sporting events, it makes for a great place to advertise for a company because they are sure to get some business from people who are intrigued by some form of advertisement. These companies take a risk every time they spend money on advertisement, it is a large investment so they could win it all and attract customers or they could lose it all due to poor advertisement. Nietzsche talks about â€Å"pushing oneself and others to go beyond the normal range in effort into a realm that may result in great joy or great sorrow.† (Malloy,Lang 2016) This is a great way for a company to think when†¦show more content†¦He then goes on to explain how in our lives we need to experience some type of suffering, so that one can overcome the situation and learn from the experience. Taking a risk can also benefit a person or compan y, because as Nietzsche explains you could do the same ordinary thing over and over and play it safe or you can take the risk and experience the failure but then once you experience success it is the best feeling. If we do the same thing over and over again it becomes dull and unentertaining, so by taking the risk its keeps you on the edge of your seat with a chance for either failure or success. Both Bud and Nietzsche head towards their balls, Nietzsche swings first for the second hit and hooked his ball to the left of the green, whereas Bud managed to hit his ball out of the gorse to the back of the green, leaving both golfers with difficult shots to the pin. Bud became disappointed to three putt, leaving him with a bogey, the same as Nietzsche. Upset, Bud remembered Aristotle’s belief in the golden mean: we shouldn’t lose control of our passion, but neither should we become automatons. There must be a middle path to follow that allows usShow MoreRelatedNike Products Versus Sport Products902 Words   |  4 PagesNonsport products versus Sport products â€Å"Sport marketing consists of all activities designed to meet the needs and wants of sport consumers through exchange processes† (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton 2014, p.13). However, with its acknowledged contribution to local, national, and global economies most may or may not come to the conclusion as to what is really meant by the term ‘sport marketing’ (Fullerton and Merz, 2008). The concept of sport marketing is so broad that different people may perceiveRead MoreMarketing Of A Good Cash Flow973 Words   |  4 Pages Marketing plays an important part in successful business undertakings role. The way one markets one’s business will determine one’s level of success or failure process. The major factor to successful marketing is to know the customers’ demands, supplies, and mindset. They are the ones to determine whether one stays in business. Look for ways to gather as much insight and suggestions from customers in positive situations as much as possible. Ask for their advice, problems, and insights in everyRead MoreThe Is The Undisputed Leading Media And Marketing Company Focused On Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome the undisputed leading media and marketing company focused on women. And the Meredith’s goal is to connected with all stages of women’s life to inaugurate families and empty nesters. Also Meredith doesn’t introduce itself as magazine publisher. Meredith is an establisher that attracted to, cable programming, the Internet and television.in addition the company was successful in social networking and its aim is to interact with women’s life in a meaningful way for long period time. Meredith knowsRead MoreNike Strategy1302 Words   |  6 PagesLong Project I picked Nike, Inc as the multinational company to study. Here we will discuss the origin and history of this company and its profile. We will also cover Nike s international activities and how they managed to become today s world s leading supplier of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. We will see how this company managed to expand internationally and control the sportswear arena completely by utilizing marketing strategy centering around brand image which is attainedRead MoreSports Marketing Mix1487 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Sports Marketing Mix Introduction In order to operate in the industry in a competitive and profitable fashion, organizations have to base their marketing strategies on four core marketing mix elements. These elements include product or service strategies, pricing strategies, promotion or communication strategies, and distribution or place strategies. The marketing mix enables a company to present its products or services to its most potential target market in the most effectiveRead MoreDefining Marketing - Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success1005 Words   |  5 PagesDefining Marketing Michelle Watson Marketing 421 April 16, 2012 Kim Wm. Houseman Definition of Marketing Marketing is often misunderstood. Ask the average person how they would define marketing and a majority would reply with something along the lines of commercials, ads, brochures, and other items used to market a business. Marketing is complex. It is a process, a practice, and a philosophy. As a process, it moves goods and services from an idea all the way throughRead MoreSwot - so Analysis Nike1366 Words   |  6 Pagesshoemaker in the world. It designs and sells shoes for a big variety of sports including basketball, baseball, golf, soccer, volleyball, tennis, football and running. - Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. Its products go through a rigorous quality control before they go to market. Despite the cost to keep a high-level research and quality control departments, Nike always try to offer its goods to customers at the lowest possibleRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Nike1118 Words   |  5 PagesTrack C lub for runners with Finish Line, House of Hoops for Basketball with Foot Locker, and Field House with Dick’s Sporting Goods Store. This allows Nike to have premium pricing. Their respective wholesale partners (Finish Line, Foot Locker, Dick’s Sporting Goods Store) also gain from their partnership with Nike by gaining spotlight from Nike’s popularity. When items don’t sell at retail stores, items are sent to Nike factory outlet stores. Items at Nike factory outlets still have the premium feelRead MoreNike vs Adidas1127 Words   |  5 PagesENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECT CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. | ACKNOWLGEMENT | 2. | AIM | 3. | INTODUCTION OF THE COMPANIES | 4. | COMPARISION OF MARKETING STRATEGY | 5. | DATA ANALYSIS | 6. | DATA REPORT | 7. | CONCLUSION | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my teacher Mrs. Grace for her extensive support in the completion of this entrepreneurship project and also providing me with help full tips. ThisRead MoreNike s Marketing Practises With Puma1092 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss Nike’s marketing practises with Puma; these two companies will be compared and will be supported by examples and references that will be shown throughout the essay. To begin with, Nike is the world’s largest sports brand while Puma is currently the third largest sports company after Adidas in the sports industry. (Heydt, 2013). Nike’s brand value is continuously increasing each year. (Interbrand, 2013). According to Interbrand (2013), Nike carries on with endorsing famous sports athletes including

Red Bulls Competitors - 1151 Words

Competitors In the Hong Kong energy drink industry, Red Bull has several main direct competitors, Paolyta, Libogen and Shark. These products have similar main ingredients, taurine, glucuronolactone and caffeine with Red Bull. Therefore, these competitors provide the same benefit, which is to enhance energy, performance, concentration and speed of response by similar products. In addition, Shark keeps trying to attack Red Bull, by comparing the taste, benefits and usefulness through their advertisements and public relational events. Although Shark is still not very popular in Hong Kong, it should be a great potential threat for Red Bull in the future energy drink market. Besides the direct competitors, Lucozade, Essence of Chicken and†¦show more content†¦In Hong Kong, it does not compete very well, so it is a weak competitor of Red Bull. Product The prescription and ingredients of Paolyta are also similar to Red Bull. Price The price of each bottle of Paolyta is about $10 and there is no significant change in recent years. Place Its distribution network is relatively poorer than Red Bull as it is only sold in convenient stores. Promotion It has placed a set of television advertisements in Hong Kong several years ago. However, there is no more advertisement is shown in Hong Kong afterward. 2.1.2. Indirect Competitors Lucozade Lucozade was developed in 1927 by an English pharmacist. It has a similar function of Red Bull that is recharging people’s mind. However, the formula of this product is totally different from Red Bull. It is mainly made of glucose syrup which is proved that it does not have any negative effect to people’s health but this product cannot help people to enhance physical performance. The Lucozade company recently has put a lot of resources to boost its sales include placing advertisements on television and introducing new versions of its products like Lucozade Extra. It uses also animation to tell people about the strength and major function of it which is to improve brain performance. Compare with other competitors, it introduced many flavors and the flavors are more likely to be accepted byShow MoreRelatedRed Bull735 Words   |  3 PagesCase: Red Bull Red Bull’s success is a result of a great marketing strategy including product placement and creating brand loyalty. Success is also a result of avoiding marketing myopia. Red Bull accomplished this by claiming to satisfy more than just your thirst. Dietrich Mateschitz took the energy drink concept of Krating Daeng in Thailand and broadened it usage by also marketing Red Bull as a sports drink, functional drink, and nutritious drink. Their success was also stemmed fromRead MoreRed Bull Marketing Problem773 Words   |  4 PagesThe central problem I believe Red Bull is facing is the fact that it reached its maturity phase while many competitors have arisen, taking up some of its market share. 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Disaster Recovery and User Authentication Policy in an Organization

Quesiton: Discussion on following points? 1.Disaster Recovery 2. User Authentication Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to develop and present two procedure and policies on disaster recovery and user authentication in an organization. The focus is kept of an Information Technology Consultancy and how they develop a disaster recovery and a user authentication policy for their organization. For the user authentication policy, the focus will be on password based user authentication policy. 1. Disaster Recovery Policy Name of the Organization: ABC Information Technology Consultancy Disclaimer: This policy has been created for ABC Information Technology Consultancy. All or part of this policy is owned by the organization. No part of it is reproducible in any form. Last Update: 9th March 2015 Overview Disasters can happen anytime. But it is likely that disaster happens rarely. Sometimes management ignores considerations about disasters while managing their core business processes. But this should not be the case. A disaster recovery plan should be developed as early as possible, and the organization needs to follow the same. A disaster can be any event that can cause difficulties in providing service successfully, a disaster is not only the catastrophic environmental issues that may damage resources or hamper services. A contingency plan helps in gaining some competitive advantages on the face of disasters. The disaster recovery plan can be considered as a part of the business continuity plan. Purpose The disaster recovery policy provides a baseline to the disaster recovery plan. The plan is yet to be developed based on this policy. The plan will describe the process of recovering the Information Technology infrastructure including information systems, data, applications etc. It covers up all type of disaster that can cause a bigger outrage. Scope The disaster recovery policy is directed to the information technology management staffs of the organization. They are responsible for keeping the plan up to date and ensuring development and implementation of the disaster recovery plan. This policy will include all requirements that are needed for developing a disaster recovery plan. Policy It is recommended that the disaster recovery policy is reviewed annually for ensuring the relevancy of it. The planning team will be responsible for developing the policy. The planning team consists of personnel from upper management, IT, information security, sales, accounts, human resource etc. The planning team will have the following roles and responsibilities, Carrying out an initial risk assessment to identify the vulnerabilities in the existing information technology infrastructure. Carrying out an initial business impact analysis for documenting the identified interdependencies among the business processes and determining how an outage of the information systems will affect the business. An inventory of the information technology assets like data, information systems, and applications will be considered. The single points of failure present in the current information technology infrastructure will be identified. All critical systems, applications, data will be identified. The core business functions will be prioritized. The organization will follow the procedures described below to implement the disaster recovery policy across the organization. There will be data backup facilities on offsite along with some electronic vaults facilities. It will add redundancy to the IT infrastructure but will enhance reliability. All critical data, applications and systems will be placed is some easily accessible places and in such a way that a disaster cannot effect all resources easily. An incident response team will be created. The team will consists of personnel from IT, information security, legal, HR, marketing etc. The roles and responsibilities of the incident response team will be clearly defined. The contact information of all members of the incident response team will be obtained. A communication plan will be developed for communicating to the incident response team during some disaster. The plan will have all details of the communication methods to be followed for each member. A public relations plan will be developed for handling an incident effectively. A manager from the IT or information security department will be assigned and authorized to carry out the roles and responsibilities of talking important decisions. Testing standards will be developed. The disaster recovery plan will be documented and distributed. The plan will be distributed among all persons who are related to the organization. Extra copies will be kept for emergency use. These extra copies should be kept securely. There will be a succession plan that will describe the actions to be followed in absence of any staff. A detailed study of the data stored across the information systems and storage of the organization will be carried out. The confidentiality of the data will be checked and ensured. A list of the services provided by the organization, will be created. The list will be according to the importance of the services. The recovery plan include policies for short and long term recovery. There will be an equipment replacement plan. It will describe all required equipment for delivering services successfully and according to the service order list. Detailed features of the equipment and contacts for purchasing the same will also be part of the plan. A mass media management plan will be there. The disaster recovery policy will follow some continuous procedures as describe below. Data backup, storage etc. will be performed continuously. There will be some backup plan by categorize the backups weekly, daily, monthly levels. The test plans will be executed at least annually. The results will be reviewed and documented. The plans may be updated if needed. The plans will be analyzed regularly to ensure alignment of the plan to the business processes, objectives and requirements of the business. All team members will be frequently trained and educated by disaster recovery and security awareness educations. The network diagrams and information security policies will be updated regularly. Patching and bug fixing will be done regularly to ensure security of the critical applications and data used by the information systems. There will be regular information security audits and vulnerability assessment. After developing a disaster recovery plan, the management will test the implementation of the plan. It will help to uncover the cases where the plan may fail. And corrective options or extension of the plan can be developed. Policy Compliance There may be set of methods that will help to ensure compliances with the disaster recovery policy. For example, there may video monitoring, internal and external audits, reports from business rolls, feedback from the owner of the policy etc. The management should approve any exception to the policy during the early stage of implementation of the policy in the organization. The staffs, who may fail to comply with the disaster recovery policy, will be subjected to different disciplinary action. Even they may be terminated from their job. Other Standards, Policy or Procedure None Revision History Version Date Description of Changes 1.0 Creation of the policy 2. User Authentication Policy Name of the Organization: ABC Information Technology Consultancy Disclaimer: This policy has been created for ABC Information Technology Consultancy. All or part of this policy is owned by the organization. No part of it is reproducible in any form. Last Update: 9th March 2015 Overview Use authentication is a broad domain and applicable to many situation. This user authentication policy covers the simpler user authentication method based on user name and passwords. This policy will cover best practices to provide user name and password based authentication process, how to secure the passwords, what are needed to be avoided etc. Use name and password based authentication can be applied to different cases. For example, it can be used to secure user accounts, email accounts, access to computer, smart phones, tablet etc. ABC Information Technology Consultancy uses username and password based authentication process to secure their IT resources like computers, restricting access to database, securing email accounts of the users. Purpose This user authentication policy will provide a baseline for the user authentication plan and information security policy for the organization. The purpose is to secure information technology resources from unauthorized access and at the same time ensuring availability of the same to the legitimate users only. This policy is applicable to the computers, emails, accounts of the employees in the MIS system of the organization, user accounts to the database. (Heng, 2009) Scope The user authentication policy is directed to the staffs of the ABC Information Technology Consultancy. They need to adhere to the policy to ensure information security implementation and access policies to the information security resources. User authentication policy covers a significant part of the information security implementation at the organization. This policy will include all details to ensure user authentication process based on username and passwords, at different types of applications and scenarios at the organization. Policy The policy contains information about the password creation and management along with best practices to follow for ensuring the user authentication process. (Janulaitis, 2007) Creation of Passwords While creation of username and password, following factors are needed to be considered. There should be some password construction guidelines that will ensure the strength of the password. The strength of a password refers to the complexity in guessing the password by some third party. Password construction guidelines can ensure strong password constructions by limiting length and pattern of the password. A user is supposed to follow the guidelines. All system and user level passwords should be generated by following the password construction guidelines. Users must not use their name, birthdays, company names or other similar kind of personal or trivial information as a part of their username and password. Same username and password should not be used for more than one accounts like email accounts and database user accounts. (Kizza, 2015) There will be system level privileges to a group of users while granting access to the information technology resources of the organization. But users should change the default username and password as soon as possible. They should use some personalized username and password combination for the same. System administrators are responsible to grant access or revoking access rights. Thus a system administrator will have master password to unlock any account of the database system. But the master passwords should be complex enough and should be changed periodically. The password is also needed to be kept secure. It should not be shared with any persons other than the authorized entities. In the organization, wherever, SNMP or Simple Network Management Protocol has been used, then the community string should be different from the trivial or default private, public or system related information. Again the password construction guidelines are to be followed in constructing the community string. Changing Passwords There are several system level passwords. For example Root level, Admin level, administration level, applications etc. These passwords are needed to be changed periodically. At least after two months. (Khosrowpour, 2003) User level passwords like email, computers, websites, user accounts etc. are needed to be changed periodically, at least once in six months. There should be some checking by using different password cracking methods. This kind of checking will ensure to measure how stronger the passwords are in the face of some attack. The passwords that are cracked, should be changed immediately and some stronger password should be used. Protection of the Passwords Users must not share their username and passwords with anyone. Passwords are to be handled as highly confidential and sensitive information. If there is some legacy system that does not support proxy system then proper measurements should be taken. Passwords should not be written on some document on the system, email messages etc. if it is needed to be shared, then proper encryption should be used. And the password should be changed after that. Password should not be shared by telephonic conversation. Password should not be revealed in any form or questionnaire. Even there may be some scope to provide password hint but it is recommended not to provide some explicit hint or some hint at all. No staffs of the organization must share the system level passwords with any other. Passwords are not to be written on some hard copies or somewhere. Do memories the passwords. It is recommended not to use Remember me options on office computers. Dont save the username and passwords on web browsers. If any user suspect that his/her passwords and username have been compromised, then he/ she should contact to the information security department as soon as possible. He/ she is recommended to change all username passwords of all accounts belonging to him/ her. Development of Application Being an information technology consultancy, ABC Information Technology Consultancy works on application development. User authentication plays important roles in this domain also. Following factors are to be considered while ensuring implementation of user authentication policy in application development. The developed applications should have proper implementation of user authentication in those. All security measurements, policies and best practices are to be followed while developing the applications. The applications should have support for individual users. Groups can be used only where it is needed. Applications should not store passwords without encryption. It should not display the passwords in textual format also. If passwords are needed to be transmitted over some network or Internet, then encrypted version of the passwords should be shared instead of the raw password in text format. There should be implementation of role management in the applications. Users should be able to use functions of the application without any requirement to know passwords of others. Passwords and Passphrases This is a specific area of user authentication based on authentication by private and public keys. There should be a mathematical relationship between system and public key. Public key will be known to all. On the other hand, the private key will be known to the user only. User need some passphrase to gain access to the system and unlock the private key. (SANS Institute, 2014) A passphrase is a type of longer password containing multiple words. This is used to ensure security against dictionary attacks. There will be combination of upper and lower levels of alphabets, special characters etc. Compliance with the Policy There will be set of different methods and tools to ensure and check compliance with the user authentication policy. Some methods and tools are password cracking methods and tools, internal and external information security audits, feedback from the owner of the policy. The information security team can approve the user authentication policy in advance or along with the information security plan. If any staff does not comply with the user authentication policy then the staff may face legal issues or may be expelled from the job. Other Standards, Policy or Procedure Guideline for password construction Revision History Version Date Description of Changes 1.0 Creation of the policy References Apelbaum, Y., 2007. User Authentication Principles, Theory and Practice. s.l.:Fuji Technology Press. Cumbie, B. A., 2008. The Role of Information Technology in Effective Recovery and Aiding Sustainability of Coastal Regions After a Disaster. s.l.:ProQuest. Fallara, P., 2003. Disaster recovery planning. s.l., IEEE. Heng, G. M., 2009. A Manager's Guide to Implement Your IT Disaster Recovery Plan. s.l.:GMH Continuity Architects. Hiatt, C. J., 2000. A Primer for Disaster Recovery Planning in an IT Environment. s.l.:Idea Group Inc (IGI). Information Resources Management Association, 1999. Managing Information Technology Resources in Organizations in the Next Millennium. s.l.:Idea Group Inc (IGI). Information Resources Management Association, 2002. Issues Trends of Information Technology Management in Contemporary Organizations. s.l.:Idea Group Inc (IGI). Janulaitis, M. V., 2007. Disaster Recovery - Business Continuity Plan Template. s.l.:Janco Associates, Inc.. Khosrowpour, M., 2003. Information Technology and Organizations. s.l.:Idea Group Inc (IGI). Kim, T.-h. Fang, W.-c., 2010. Security Technology, Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity. Jeju Island, Springer. Kizza, J. M., 2015. Guide to Computer Network Security. s.l.:Springer. Kouns, J. Minoli, D., 2011. Information Technology Risk Management in Enterprise Environments. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Management Association, 2013. IT Policy and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. s.l.:IGI Global. Mattord, M. W. H. Green, A., 2013. Principles of Incident Response and Disaster Recovery. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Microsoft, 2013. Authentication Policies and Authentication Policy Silos. [Online] Available at: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-in/library/dn486813.aspx [Accessed 9 March 2015]. O'Gorman, L., 2003. Comparing passwords, tokens, and biometrics for user authentication.. s.l., IEEE. Ruiz-Martinez, A., 2013. Architectures and Protocols for Secure Information Technology Infrastructures. s.l.:IGI Global. SANS Institute, 2014. Disaster Recovery Plan Policy - SANS Institute. [Online] Available at: https://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/general/pdf/disaster-recovery-plan-policy [Accessed 9 March 2015]. SANS Institute, 2014. Password Policy - SANS Institute. [Online] Available at: https://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/general/pdf/password-protection-policy [Accessed 9 March 2015]. Senft, S., Gallegos, F. Davis, A., 2012. Information Technology Control and Audit. 4th ed. s.l.:CRC Press. Watters, J., 2013. Disaster Recovery, Crisis Response, and Business Continuity. s.l.:Apress.

Challenges Managing Global Teams Managementâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges Managing Global Teams Management? Answer: Introduction In the last decade, the organizations have increasingly turning the current virtual teams as a means to connect as well as engage within geographically different and diverse workforce since it lower the cost related with international association and also enable higher amount of speed along with adaptability. The teams have also moved the way in which company form in a traditional manner, manage as well as also test the team performance (Reiche et al, 2016). There are number of virtual teams as well that offers many advantages and pose different issues. On the other hand, virtual teams offer many advantages but there are number of challenges as well. Growth and creating the effective international leaders by keeping the employees in remotest area engaged along with forming as well as developing the international team with right evaluation and supervising distant workforce and also developing an international mindset in every field that organization are actually functioning to properl y understand. Project Objective In response to varied challenges in managing the global team, the report will focus on researching the overall interest of the organizations either by properly using the global team or adopting the virtual teams (Mockaitis et al, 2015). The topic also contains the discussion of the leadership, work life challenges and testing the distant employees along with the development of an international mindset in connection with global teams. Project Scope The scope of the project is huge since it covers various spheres that impact the domestic community as well as global workforces. In the present time, when business normally associated with startups and the organization that often looks for working with community that can stretch across any part of the world. With this, there is a need to understand here that there are some major advantages of going global in todays time. Suddenly the companies are not bounded by geography anymore and recruitment of the talent all across the world along local level of expertise is easily accessible (Gibbs Boyraz, 2015). In addition, the current virtual environment has further expanded the overall flexibility of the employees. At the same time, there are number of challenges as well as in the form of obstacles that create a lot of threat for the teams to succeed. Literature Review In order to achieve success in the present international economy, many organizations are depending on a dispersed workforce in geographic term. It is also combined with deep, local information of many talented markets. The focus is on gaining advantages from the global diversity by bringing together diverse people from different culture with different work experience as well as different approach on strategic as well as organizational challenges. All such changes help the multinational organizations to compete in the present environment (Colomo-Palacios et al, 2014). However, the managers who in reality lead a global team face challenges. Creation of successful work based groups is sometime hard to sustain since everyone comes from same background. However, when the members belongs to different culture or countries and functional kind of background and are also working with diverse locations, there is a challenge of being deteriorating communication, rise in the level of misunderstanding. As per the analysis, the cooperation level also gets degenerated into high level of distrust. One fundamental variance or difference that exists between the international teams twith issues related to emotional channels. In other words, it covers the degree of emotional association that exists among different team members. Hence, with this we need to understand here that when people in a team are from same place and they operate from a same place, the social distance and its level is usually low. Even if the background is different, people can communicate in a formal manner or sometimes informally also to build trust (Lilian, 2014). There is foundation of common kind of beliefs and understanding of certain approach and behavior. Teammates who are working from diverse location face difficulty in connecting and aligning their experiences with high level of social distance and struggle that grows with effective communications. Mitigation of social distance becomes a main challenge for the international leader. In order to help, a particular form a framework is required for recog nizing and successfully managing the social distance. It is therefore termed as SPLIT Framework, based five elements that are process, language, structure, identity and technology. All these elements are discussed in detail below: - Structure along with power of perception: in connection with the global team, there are number of structural characteristics that decides social distance that are based on location. The basic or the fundamental challenge is based on the perception of the power. Therefore, if number of team members is located in countries like Germany, USA and in South of Africa, there can be a sense that the German members are with more power of authority (Romani, 2016). This kind of imbalance becomes the base of negative kind of dynamics and people with large group can also feel the sense of resentment for the minor group with the belief that the latter can try to contribute less than what is actually expected from them. At the same time, those in minor group can believe that the higher group can suppress them with their power and voice. The entire situation includes the exacerbation which comes with the people who tend make a closure to the present country. Member of the team at the same site tend to avoid the requirement and overall contribution of the colleagues at other site. The dynamic can also happen even when each and every person is present in the same country. At the time when geographic limitation disperses the members and they perceive that there is imbalance in power, they usually come to understand that there are out groups as well as in groups. It is important to consider the case of international marketing team for many US based multinational companies (Babar Lescher, 2014). In order to rectify the perceived level of power and imbalance in it that exists between different groups, a leader usually require to get three important messages across the team mentioned below: - The team is actually a single entity, even if people may be different from each other and it is important that the leader must motivate this difference however, also look for different ways to form a bridge and build a sense of unity in the team. For instance, an employee who is considered to be a star of global company was appointed to lead a huge global team whose member belongs to diverse countries speaks in diverse languages and is from different age group. Before handling the responsibility, the team performance was not appreciable. (Babar Lescher, 2014). He as a leader saw that the team is completely divided in small group as per their own language and location. In order to bring all the team members together, he started with introducing a motto for the team which goes like we are diverse and different but at the end of day one. This helped in creating more opportunities for people to communicate about their respective cultures. The leaders also introduced the policy of zero t olerance for any kind of insensitivity. It is also very crucial to constantly remind the team that they have a common set of goals and it is important their energy is directed in same direction with multiple corporate goals. It is important for the leader to constantly highlight how all the members work is fitting into the overall strategy of the organization (Babar Lescher, 2014). For example, during a conference call, a team leader might want to evaluate or review the performance of the group which is also relative to the objectives of the company. The leader may also discuss the level of focus along with sharpness that the team requires to fend all the competition. No matter, what is the location of the leader; he or she needs constant contact with the team members. A phone call or an e-mail alone can make all the differences in passing on the contribution in serious matters. For example, a manager sitting in places like Texas, or other part can inherit a huge group located in India as part of Acquisition Company. It is important here to frequently contact them to discuss all the ongoing projects and also be appreciative of their good work (Dingsoyr Smite, 2014). Process and the significance of Empathy: it is very important to say here that empathy assist in reducing the overall social distance. When colleagues can communicate in informal manner around any informal place in organization whether about the job or on personal matter, they become closer and develop a sense of empathy that helps them to communicate in more productive matter. However, a global team when distant by location lack constant direct contact or face to face conversations all the time and this is why they are less likely to have a sense of mutual clarity (Dingsoyr Smite, 2014). In order to foster them, the international leader of team requires to ensure that they build a deliberate situation in the process so people can meet on virtual platform by: - Feedback on day to day communication: team members of global team can unwillingly send wrong signs with the routine approach of dealing with other members. A team member from French origin and her teammate are based in other parts checked as well as responded to mails in the morning and also make sure that the flow of emails are uninterrupted. However, they might not have any idea this practice in the morning is actually delaying the process for the correspondent with their colleagues working from USA and further contributes to high level of conflict or mistrust (Dingsoyr Smite, 2014). The matter could only be resolved when the French team member actually visited the office in USA and then she realized the problem. At the same time, face to face meetings are just the only method to get such kind of learning. There are team member living in remotest part can now use phone, email or sometime conference calls to know about the team. The point is that the leaders as well as members of t he international team can actively elicit a different kind of reflected knowledge. Time distributed in unstructured manner: it is crucial here to really think about every face to face interaction in a team. Because the first few minutes before the actual meeting starts, the atmosphere matter a lot. The comfort with which the team member can interact with each other on personal front matters a lot. It is called as unstructured which is very important and create a positive atmosphere since it further permits for the organic way to unfold the procedure that should happen in all kind of business meetings. It is primarily based on sharing the knowledge, coordination as well as supervising the communication and in the end building the right kind of relationship (Oshri et al, 2015). Even if the team members are spread all across the world, small conversation is still considered as a most powerful way to promote high level of trust. This is why, while planning the team call in based meetings, characteristics like five minutes for small talk before the business meeting beco me crucial. Specifically at the time of first meeting, it is important to take the lead in starting the informal kind of discussions about the work as well as non-work matters that permits the member of the team to get to know their distant team mates. Language gap: effective communication plays a very important role among the coworkers to drive effective level of sharing of knowledge with right kind of decision making, coordination and finally performance outcomes. However, in a global team, different levels of fluency is obvious with the chosen language is obvious and cannot be avoided (Oshri et al, 2015). It further likely to increase the level of social distance and the members of the team can also interact in a best manner with the lingua franca taken up by the company that often focus on the most impacts and at the same time, people with less fluency often become more withdrawn from the group. Mitigation of such effects normally consists of basing the research on all the members of the team respecting the rules form for communication in the meeting (Oshri et al, 2015). Conclusion The discussion proves that in the present time, the most common challenge for any global team leader is managing the virtual teams globally. In the present world, different Human Resource policies are based on maintaining a consistent, fair and most responsive way of dealing with people. Reporting structure and titles must be equalized however, the world can be perceived as flat, but the global team and HR policies associated with it are not. Maintaining the consistency on international level further allows for and must be aligned with domestic laws with number of cultural level of norms (Cramton Hinds, 2014). This is further very challenging and complex to manage the variation of the present work culture and organization structure along with standards for every country. Moreover, the cost of living also changes considerable with the location. This is why, as per HR viewpoint, a policy of one size fits all model is redundant in the current time of globalization. Also, the struggle t o maintain the consistency, the managers will have to find solution for all kind of remotest teams to have a more responsive kind of direct level management and it further helps in keeping the staff more connected to heart of the organization (Cramton Hinds, 2014). Reference Babar, M. A., Lescher, C. (2014). Global software engineering: Identifying challenges is important and providing solutions is even better.Information and Software Technology,56(1), 1-5. Colomo-Palacios, R., Casado-Lumbreras, C., Soto-Acosta, P., Garca-Pealvo, F. J., Tovar, E. (2014). Project managers in global software development teams: a study of the effects on productivity and performance.Software Quality Journal,22(1), 3-19. Cramton, C. D., Hinds, P. J. (2014). An embedded model of cultural adaptation in global teams.Organization Science,25(4), 1056-1081. Dingsoyr, T., Smite, D. (2014). Managing knowledge in global software development projects.IT Professional,16(1), 22-29. Gibbs, J. L., Boyraz, M. (2015). International HRMs role in managing global teams.The Routledge companion to international human resource management, 532-551. Lilian, S. C. (2014). Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,110, 1251-1261. Mockaitis, A. I., Zander, L., De Cieri, H. (2015). Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: The benefits of global teams for international organizations: HR implications. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L. P. (2015). Managing globally distributed teams. InThe Handbook of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring(pp. 253-279). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Romani, L. (2016). Managing Globally: Resolving Intercultural Challenges in the Management of Local Multicultural Teams in a Multinational Venture.Intercultural Management: A Case-Based Approach to Achieving Complementarity and Synergy, 300

animal Inteligence essays

animal Inteligence essays The debate about the intelligence of animals has been one of the most frequently talked about subjects in the study of animal behavior. Are animals intelligent, or are the just doing what their instincts tell them to do. But if an animal only reacts on instinct, how have some animals been able to survive even though their environment has changed. How could these animals survive they are not able to learn from and recognize the changes to their environment. Too me the idea that animals are just mindless robots just doing what their instincts tell them to do is preposterous. Animals have a long history of learning, communication, and other signs of intelligent behavior. Scientist trying to understand their behavior has studied animals around the world. Some scientists have been studying conditioning animals to do certain action and remember long string of characters. Pavlov a behavioral physiologist discovered that when he rang a bell just before feeding his dogs began to salivate and expect food. While most people think of this as just a simple reflex it shows that the animal has linked the two actions. The Skinner box showed the learning capability small animals. It used operant conditioning to teach mice to remember patterns to switches. If a creature can remember and figure out how to activate a switch it clearly shows a capacity for higher thought. If animals only act on instinct what does it due when it encounters an event that it has never come across before. The whole idea of adaptation would not exist. When the first gazelles appeared on earth did they right from the start that know that moving in herds would be their safest option. Highly on likely, it probably took a few gazelles being eaten before the learned that. While I will admit that there is a possibility of this knowledge occurring naturally I still doubt it very much. Did ants suddenly organize the complex socia ...

Free Essays on Neolithic

In some regions, farming arose through native developments, and in others it spread from other areas. It allowed more permanent settlements, the accumulation of surpluses and wealth, much larger and denser populations, the development of more profound status and rank differences within populations, and the rise of specialized crafts. Neolithic tool-making shows a great deal of technological advances from the Mesolithic. Neolithic industries often include blade technologies and a wide range of retouched tools, including endscrapers (narrower scrapers for working hides), backed blades, and a wide range of projectile points. Other technological developments in the Neolithic include grinding stones, such as mortars and pestles, for the processing of cereal foods, the widespread use of pottery for surplus food storage and cooking, the construction of granaries for storage of grains, the use of domesticated plant fibers for textiles, and weaving technology. The domestication of plants and animals led to an astonishing social change during the Neolithic. Some Neolithic graves contain rich stores of goods or exotic materials, revealing differentiations in terms of wealth, rank, or power. In certain areas, especially parts of the Near East and Western Europe, Neolithic peoples erected massive ceremonial complexes, efforts that would have required extensive, dedicated work forces. Large earthworks and giant stone monuments from the Neolithic suggest more highly organized political structures and more complex social organization than among most hunter-gatherer populations. In most cases, men hunted for food, while women would gather it. Women may be the reason why the Neolithic cultures began to farm. It is said that women planted the first seed of Neolithic agriculture. Pottery and textile fabrication were tasks often performed by women. Later, women in Neolithic societies became basic housewives, they would cook, clean, birth a... Free Essays on Neolithic Free Essays on Neolithic In some regions, farming arose through native developments, and in others it spread from other areas. It allowed more permanent settlements, the accumulation of surpluses and wealth, much larger and denser populations, the development of more profound status and rank differences within populations, and the rise of specialized crafts. Neolithic tool-making shows a great deal of technological advances from the Mesolithic. Neolithic industries often include blade technologies and a wide range of retouched tools, including endscrapers (narrower scrapers for working hides), backed blades, and a wide range of projectile points. Other technological developments in the Neolithic include grinding stones, such as mortars and pestles, for the processing of cereal foods, the widespread use of pottery for surplus food storage and cooking, the construction of granaries for storage of grains, the use of domesticated plant fibers for textiles, and weaving technology. The domestication of plants and animals led to an astonishing social change during the Neolithic. Some Neolithic graves contain rich stores of goods or exotic materials, revealing differentiations in terms of wealth, rank, or power. In certain areas, especially parts of the Near East and Western Europe, Neolithic peoples erected massive ceremonial complexes, efforts that would have required extensive, dedicated work forces. Large earthworks and giant stone monuments from the Neolithic suggest more highly organized political structures and more complex social organization than among most hunter-gatherer populations. In most cases, men hunted for food, while women would gather it. Women may be the reason why the Neolithic cultures began to farm. It is said that women planted the first seed of Neolithic agriculture. Pottery and textile fabrication were tasks often performed by women. Later, women in Neolithic societies became basic housewives, they would cook, clean, birth a...

Ratings on Risk Priority Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ratings on Risk Priority - Assignment Example Most of the materials to be used were: Pneumatic nailers, Scaffolding, Power hand tools, Cleaning agents, Sandblasters, Hammers, Hoisting equipment and Paint Sprayers. The project entails repairing a 4 story building using the above-mentioned materials. The renovation will see the building have a new look with most of the facilities being modern. The renovation process makes it possible for its users to have access to most of the equipment and services efficiently. Most nailers were found to have hazardous effects mostly on the users. Most of them are connected to a compressed air stream by a long hose, which is a nimble hazard as workers do move and climb up in the construction site. Power hand tools become hazardous if improperly used. There are several power tools based on the source of energy they are used. For instance, it becomes hazardous to use power hand tool while holding the cord or the hose. All equipment should be used appropriately and in a timely manner to avoid such effects. It is the responsibility of the project management team to ensure that the aim of the renovation is achieved in a safe and sound manner.  

Church growth handouts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Contemporary recreation, sports, or tourism legal issue Essay

Contemporary recreation, sports, or tourism legal issue - Essay Example The amount of lawsuit and the diversity of cases in the sports fraternity have been on a surge as more people rely on the courts to solve disputes. The laws have the required expertise to enable the smooth running of the sports. There exists variation as to the way the law is defined, one school of thought hold the view that a law is a congregation of regulations and rules that govern a particular action. Sport law refers to the application of existing laws to recreation and sports. Sports governing bodies operate almost similar to state administrative and federal institution. The governing structures of sports organization are based on the federal laws, regulations and rules. For example, the guideline adopted by the National Football League in the U.S resembles traditional state tort law principles. Thus when a dispute over the interpretation of a regulation or rule arises, lawyers represent the participants and the principal body to resolve the dispute via the administrative structures set up by the sport organization. The Constitution of United States does not guarantee freedom from an invasion of privacy. To justify an action for invasion of privacy, a petitioner must show the cause why the invasion is significant and is in an area for which there is anticipation of privacy (Flannery, 1998 pp 9). In the sports business, such cases are not uncommon especially in drug testing programs. Consider the case involving (Acton v. Vernonia School District 1995); James Acton challenged the drug testing program initiated by Vernonia School District as an invasion of privacy. However the Supreme Court established that school children had a smaller expectation of privacy because athletics subjected one to a need for medical attention, physical examination and a locker room environment. The Court thus upheld the view that drug testing does not constitute an invasion of privacy (Lisa, 2008 pp87). However the Vernonia ruling is not likely to be relevant to collegiate athletes. In the Acton v. Vernonia case, the judge further explained that the high school students had a lower expectation of privacy given their minor age and were under the care of the school in absence of their parents. Given the situation it was the sole responsibility of the teachers to ensure discipline is observed at school. On the other hand, collegiate athletes are considered adults under less supervision from the college and university administration. An example is the U.S Supreme Court decision not to grant a hearing of an appeal of the Supreme Court of Colorado's verdict which found that drug testing program on football players at the Colorado University constituted an invasion of privacy. During the Proceedings, (University of Colorado v. Derdeyn, 1993), the Supreme Court of Colorado ruled that despite the University's concerns in protecting the student's welfare, the argument is not sufficient enough to warrant the intrusion on privacy through random testing for drugs on the players (Lisa, 2008 pp 94). Herbs, (1985) notes that constitutional challenges to drug testing have been unsuccessful in professional sport. For instance, in 1994, the federal district court of Pennsylvania ruled that the National Football League (NFL) drug testing program was not subject to a constitutional challenge because of the absence of state action. The court (NFL v. Long) ruled that neither the commercial association between the Steelers and the City of Pittsburg

Disruptive Behavior in Classroom

Disruptive Behavior in Classroom According to Utley (2002), the statistics of violence and discipline problems in public school showed that aggressive and violent behaviors are increasing among children and youth in schools and that school discipline is critical to the prevention of student behavior problems. Leaders of educational organizations are attempting to solve the problems through research and then implementing various solutions. Disruptive behaviors are occurring more frequently in educational facilities. Disruptive behaviors interrupt classroom instruction which in turn has a significant negative impact on all students. Students with behavioral problems may strain even the most competent classroom teacher. More children from troubled homes are bringing well-developed patterns of antisocial behavior to school. Their disruptive, aggressive, and defiant behavior (a) wastes teaching time, (b) disrupts the learning process of other students, and (c) threatens the safety of others (Walker, Ramsey, Gresham, 20 03). Knowing that students perform better in classrooms that are safe, secure, and orderly is one of the most important concepts teachers learn and strive to maintain Need to add references (Christensen, Marchant, Young, 2004; Horner, Sugai, Lewis-Palmer, Todd, 2001; Utley,Kozleski, Smith, Draper, 2002). However, general education classroom teacher surveys routinely identify discipline as one of the topics considered most important or in need of improvement (Witt, VanDerHeyden Gilberston, 2004). A study indicated that general education teachers reported on average, one in five of their students exhibited disruptive behaviors and one in twenty exhibited aggressive behaviors to the point intervention was necessary (Myers Holland, 2000). Those that are significantly at-risk for school failure are children who exhibit behavior problems at an early age. Disruptive behavior is a student-initiated act that ranges from tardiness to violence. It may consist of behavior that is disrespectful, offensive, or threatening and may present itself physically, verbally, or psychologically. It has a negative impact in any learning environment and interferes with the learning activities of the perpetrator and other students. It must be kept in mind that all disruptions, regardless of perceived seriousness, detract from academic learning time. Even small, annoying problems such as tardiness can create a serious problem for educators and fellow students and must be dealt with promptly (DeFrance, 1997). Numerous labels exist when describing types of behavior children exhibit such as violent, aggressive, oppositional, challenging and disruptive. According to Kaiser and Rasminsky (2003), psychologists often define aggression as behavior that is aimed at harming or injuring others. Each of these behaviors, impact the student, teacher and classroom envi ronment. There are numerous reasons for the negative behaviors that more and more students are exhibiting (Greene, 2001). According to Adelman and Taylor (2002), between 12-22 percent of all children in schools suffer from mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders. Many of these students do not respond to behavior strategies and expectations that work with the other students. Hardman (2003) stated that for most secondary school teachers, maintaining classroom discipline is a daily concern that can be rewarding and also a source of frustration. On a regular basis, teachers and staff members are affected by the extreme challenges that these students create. These extreme challenges include continuously talking out of turn, inattentiveness, fidgety, acts of defiance, noncompliance, and belligerence (Boynton Boynton, 2005). The Association of School Counselors reports that 18% of students have special needs and require extraordinary interventions and treatments that go beyond the typical resou rces available to the classroom (Dunn Baker, 2002). Although classroom teachers may not be in a position to directly service students with these types of needs, teachers must be well-equipped to meet the needs of all students. A number of factors can influence students classroom behaviors, and teachers have to be prepared with methods and models to manage the classroom successfully to ensure an environment conducive to learning. Educators continue to rely on traditional discipline practices that generally involve punishment, especially for the most challenging behaviors. The assumption is that punishment-based discipline implemented in response to rule violations will deter future occurrences and somehow teach and promote more pro-social skills (Sugai Homer, 2002). The zero tolerance approach to discipline has proven ineffective in reducing problem behavior (Skiba, 2002). Zero tolerance policies began being adopted in reaction to an increase in violence in schools as well as society. Schools are in charge of educating students; however, they are constantly suspending students for minor infractions (Cox, 2009). It was reported in 2008 in USA Today, that tens of thousands of students are suspended each year from Maryland schools for minor infractions under the zero tolerance policy. Nine percent of students were suspended with the higher rate being African Americans, special education and boys. There is increased interest in programs designed to decrease problem behavior and behavioral referrals (Tidewell et al., 2003). The Classroom Management Checklists (appendices A, B, C) provides teachers with descriptions of effective models and methods in which teachers can utilize and monitor in their classroom daily. Although the importance of classroom management is widely recognized in research, its definition is elusive (Marzano, 2003). Marzano (2003) defined classroom management as the following: Classroom management is the confluence of teacher actions in four distinct areas: (1) establishing and enforcing rules and procedures, (2) carrying out disciplinary actions, (3) maintaining effective teacher and student relationships, and (4) maintaining an appropriate mental set for management. Only when effective practices in these four areas are employed and working in concert is a classroom effectively managed. (p.18) One analysis of five decades of research on classroom management reviewed some 228 variables influencing student achievement. Nothing, it found, affected student achievement more than skillful classroom management (NEA Today, 2004). In addition, research has shown us that teachers actions in their classrooms have twice the impact on student achievement as do school policies regarding curriculum, assessment, staff collegiality, and community involvement (Marzano, Marzano, Pickering, 2003). Unfortunately, the implementation of positive and proactive behavioral approaches in our public schools is rare (Snell, 2005). Instead schools often rely on less effective reactive and exclusionary approaches that hinder students educational progress (Christle, Jolivette, Nelson, 2007). END OF INTRODUCTION School discipline has always been perceived as essential for the proper functioning of a public school. Expectations are clear that discipline is necessary for students to learn and that educators are expected to establish and maintain well disciplined schools (Covin, 2007). All stakeholders historically have taken pride in maintaining well disciplined schools. The following highlighted are comes from resource saved as disst Resource 2.8.10 According to Sugai (2007), schools are complex environments where skills, knowledge, and practices of a culture are taught, shaped, encouraged, and transmitted. Educators are challenged to provide effective and explicit instruction that maximizes students knowledge of concepts and skills. In the educational environment, students are challenged to remain focused, responsive, and engaged to benefit from instruction. These goals are enriched and complicated by students with diverse learning styles, unique strengths and weaknesses, and defining cultural influences. Additionally, schools, students, and families must adapt to maximize benefits from the school experience. Nevertheless, there continues to be a growing concern about the number of disruptive behaviors and lack of discipline in the educational facility (Covin, 2007). These disruptive behaviors make it more challenging for educators to accomplish goals. Luiselli, Putnam, Handler, and Feinberg (2005) stated, Many students attending public schools exhibit discipline problems such as disruptive classroom behaviors, vandalism, bullying, and violence. . . Establishing effective discipline practices is critical to ensure academic success and to provide a safe learning environment (p. 183). According to McAdams and Lambie (2003), public schools are facing increasing challenges with regards to the rise in disruptive behaviors amongst children. Curwin and Mendler (1999), includes unclear limits, student boredom, sense of failure and attacks on student dignity, lack of acceptable outlets for feelings and a sense of powerlessness as basic causes of discipline issues. Students at the elementary level are becoming more violent. They are kicking, biting, scratching, and hitting both their classmates and teachers (Toppo, 2003). Many educators are extremely concerned about the danger and disorder in school environments. Unbelievable scenarios of violence in schools have made teachers, administrators, parents, and children aware that violence can happen anywhere in the United States. However, compared to other settings in terms of physically safety, most schools are safe environments (Dwyer, Osher, Hoffman, 2000). Approximately, 3% of teachers and students in urban schools and between 1% and 2% of teachers and students in rural schools are attacked physically or robbed each month (Cotton, 2007). These types of extreme disruptive behaviors in a school setting are an ever-increasing concern (Eber, Sugai, Smith, Scott, 2002). Elementary school principals say theyre seeing more violence and aggression amongst their youngest students, than ever. In Philadelphia, 22 kindergarteners were suspended in the first part of the year (Toppo, 2003). Violence in schools is an urgent problem. In school settings, it is an extension of the violence that occurs among children in communities throughout our Nation. The effects of school violence take a toll on the education of the poor and minorities. On reviewing research on youth violence, some of the risk factors within the school setting were; negative peer influences, low commitment to school, academic failure, and certain school environments/practices, such as undisciplined classes, and lax enforcement of school rules (Rosenberg, 1999). Prior to age 13, children who exhibit violent behaviors are confirmed to be on a path of criminal tendencies and escalating violence throughout childhood (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001, chap.1). It is easier to recognize behaviors, that suggest a child is troubled than to predict that the childs behavior will lead to violence. Theres no single sign or early warning signs that can accurately predict whether a child will be violent or not (Dwyer, Osher, Hoffman, 2000). There are identifiable risk factors in individuals that increase the likelihood for developing problem behavior. Risk factors include poor anger management skills and lack of academic interest (Hunt, Meyers, Davies, Meyers, Grogg, Neel, 2002). Other identifiable risk factors include disruptive classroom behavior, defiance of adults, and poor school readiness (Walker, H., Severson, H., Feil, E., Stiller, B. Golly, A., 1998). According to Porter (2009), some reasons for student discipline problems are boredom, powerlessne ss, unclear limits, lack of acceptable outlets for feelings and attacks on diginity. School violence affects all of society and interferes with the learning process (Taub, 2002). In a Greensboro elementary school, parents are concerned that well-behaved students are having difficult times learning because of the continuous outburst and violent acts in the classroom (Benscoter, 2007). Some students who exhibit aggressive reactions often overreact to even small incidences and have a limited threshold for frustration (McAdams Lambie, 2003). If any of these negative reactions or incidences is repeated over a period of time towards others, it is considered bullying. Bullying behaviors can include physical, verbal, sexual or social ostracism (Boynton Boynton, 2005). Students who exhibit these behaviors are often viewed by educators and parents as unpredictable (McAdams Lambie, 2003). Statistically, children who engage in bullying behavior are more likely to commit crimes as adults (Taub, 2002). There are studies that show that bullies are five times as likely to have serious criminal records by 30 years of age (Boynton Boynton, 2005). If youth violence is not averted, it will be costly to society (Connor, 2002). The longer a child continues to use aggressive behavior, the more difficult it becomes to change his direction (Kaiser Rasminsky, 2003). Although isolated instances of violence (e.g., school shootings) contribute to this perception, people are most concerned with the lack of discipline and control in schools (Rose Gallup, 2005). School administrators, parents, community members and policy makers all recognize that the safety of public schools is of the utmost importance (Barnoski, 2001; Snell, 2005). The Juvenile Offenders and Victims: National Report (Synder Sickmund, 2006) describes continuing concerns with violence in schools; even though, there has been some increase in public school safety. The survey reports that there are less severe forms of school violence that is problematic. In a survey conducted in Washington State, teachers indicated that decreasing disruptive behavior was one of the top three priorities at their schools (Barnoski, 2001). Disruptive behaviors were noted as having a significantly negative effect on students learning ability. Some of those behaviors are considered of low-severity. Those behaviors may include noncompliance, classroom disruptions, teasing, theft bullying. Of these behaviors, bullying is the most prevalent (Whitted Dupper, 2005). According to Bowman (2001), 30% o f students reported being bullied, bullying others, or both, in grades 6-10. According to Snell (2005), 29% of schools reported bullying to be a serious problem. Approximately one third of students reported being involved in fights, being victimized by theft, or vandalized while at school (Synder Sickmund, 2006). These disruptive behaviors negatively affect student learning (Barnoski, 2001). As a result, schools establish policies that try to increase discipline and control, often by adopting get tough practices. When the initial policies prove ineffective, schools often respond by getting tougher. That is, they invest in other security and punitive measures that actually have little impact on student behavior (Skiba Peterson, 2000). As administrators seek ways to address behavior problems in their schools, the norm is to be a reactionary approach rather than a proactive approach (Tidewell, Flannery Lewis-Palmer, 2003). The methods used are often a get tough approach to problem behaviors rather than efforts grounded in experimental research (Muscott, Mann, Benjamin, Gately, 2004; Sugai Homer, 2006). Researchers have found that general approaches to disruptive behaviors are often successful and may actually exacerbate these behaviors (Tidwell, et al.). Common solutions to continuous discipline problems such as suspending and expelling students from school do not solve the problem (Muscott, et al.). As previously mentioned, schools are meant to be places that provide students with a safe, secure, and orderly environment. However, school professionals have recently seen as an increase in violent behaviors that have taken place in a setting that was once considered safe (Metzler, Biglan Rusby, 2001). Although behavior issues in the school setting are not a new problem, there has been a plea for more effective discipline procedures especially in the face of recent school violence (Muscott, et al, 2004.). The reform and accountability of schools has added new demands for restructuring systems of discipline as well as restructuring the school day (Frey, Lingo, Nelson, 2008). According to Metzler, et al (2001), the search for plans and procedures to impact increasing behavior problems is not just an issue of safety but is also associated with other issues including school failure and delinquent behavior. In the need to increase student achievement, many administrators, educators, and counselors are spending much of their time and effort addressing students negative or problem behaviors (George, Harrower, Knoster, 2003). A variety of models and approaches have been used in an attempt to decrease discipline referrals due to the complex problems created by students disruptive behavior. The decrease of problem behaviors allows the students quality of life in other areas to increase (Hendley Lock, 2007). Effective behavioral models have included a variety of strategies structured in multilevel process (Muscott, et al., 2004); however, in the last 25 years, many schools have adopted more punitive approaches to violence prevention in public schools. These include the use of metal detectors, video surveillance, searches and zero-tolerance policies (Van Acker, 2007). All 50 states have enacted zero-tolerance legislation that requires suspension or explosion and provides for no administrator discretion in determining appropriate punishment for certain types of infractions (Yell Rozanski, 2000). In some cases students are referred to law enforcement agencies for infractions. These methods are not effective at preventing or reducing disruptive behavior; however, they are associated with student dropouts (Wald Losen, 2003; Yell Rozanski, 2000). The Federal Government included in its Goals 2000: Educate America Act, that by the year 2000, every school will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning (Marzano, 2003). Teachers have been receiving additional training on how to handle classroom misbehavior (Tuleya, 2002). Having a solid tool (behavior plan) and continuous staff training will be key in averting negative behaviors. Providing these students with the tools to monitor their own feelings may assist in halting some of the explosions before they occur (Smallwood, 2003). According to Gartrell (2004), in appropriate teaching practices, teachers facilitate the development of self-control, social skills, and self-regulation in children by using positive guidance techniques. These activities include modeling and encouraging expected behavior, redirecting children to more acceptable activities, setting clear limits, and intervening to enforce consequences for unacceptable, harmful behavior. In appropriate teaching practices, teachers expectations respect childrens developing capabilities and teachers are patient, realizing that not every minor infraction deserves a response. When dealing with students exhibiting reactive aggressive behavior, adults must be cognizant of the following: relationship building, stimulus control, cognitive restructures, self-control training, and social skill training (McAdams and Lambie, 2003, p. 129) Conroy and Davis (2000) discuss the importance of taking a proactive stance when dealing with inappropriate behaviors. Leadership plays an important role in dealing with students exhibiting explosive behaviors. To increase the likelihood of success, a learning environment has to be created that promotes positive interactions and focuses on teaching the skills necessary to prevent outburst. According to Smallwood (2003), one will significantly increase effectiveness if comprehensive prevention strategies are put in place. An intervention process that emphasizes problem solving, not punishment, and facilitates collaboration between all stakeholders will also increase the likelihood of success. Smallwood (2005) provides the following strategies for averting and/or solving issues. Have teachers introduce expectations at the beginning of the year and regularly incorporate opportunities for learning coping skills into the school day. Give students praise when you see them make a good choice. Model the skills you want the students to learn. Provide teachers and support staff, cafeteria monitors and bus drivers with training. Develop a problem solving team approach with the staff. Designate an office or special place as a time out room for students who need to regain self control. Students should know where the room is and what adult(s) will be there to help them. This is often the counselors office or the administrators office. Build trust with students by being accessible and encouraging. Many teachers turn to the Special Education department because chances are the student will be identified as a Special Needs student and will receive specific services. A specific plan and strategies are developed to help the staff work together for the students benefit (Boynton Boynton, 2005). Prevention and early intervention are key in the process of reducing and ultimately eliminating many of the issues that continually require the attention of the classroom teacher and those that prevent the occurrence of academic and social skills instruction. Early intervention for school violence is favorable because the behaviors are found to increase over time (Stormont, 2002). However, for early intervention to have an impact, we have to provide the at-risk children with environments that both directly teach and actively support adaptive behaviors. Its not the children that we should focus on modifying; it is the environment that needs modification. Effective intervention takes into account child characteristics as well as the characteristics and cultural expectations of the setting in which they live and learn (Hester, Baltodano, Hendrickson, Tonelson, Conroy, Gable, 2004). According to Elliott (2003), many of the school programs geared towards preventing these type behaviors have not been thoroughly evaluated or have been evaluated and found to be ineffective. Less attention has been devoted to assessing social validity of primary prevention efforts such as school-wide positive support plans (Lane, Kalberg, Edwards, 2008). As a result, a review of primary prevention program with a behavioral component was conducted on the elementary level. This review suggested that approximate one-third of the school-wide primary prevention efforts mentioned and reported social validity. Social validity had been assessed using surveys wit h unknown psychometric qualities which makes it unreliable (Lane, Kalberg, Bruhn, Driscoll, Wehby Elliott, 2009). END OF EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE BEHAVIORS What does the literature indicate as the key elements to include in a successful discipline plan to affect student behavior and achievement? Discipline in the 21st century should be proactive. This type of discipline should not be focused on one punishing behavior. The focus should be prevention of conflicts and disruptions. Students have to be taught responsibility, self-management, problem solving, and decision-making. External control and compliance are not congruent with the 21st century values. Self-control should be the goal of discipline for todays student (McLeod, Fisher Hoover, 2003). According to Hester, et al (2004), to ensure system-wide intervention, changing the structure and culture of the school, the classroom and curriculum of daily instruction in ways that teach, reinforce, and otherwise strengthen appropriate student behavior is necessary. A system-wide change requires that teachers establish nurturing classroom environments that are conducive to learning. The following highlighted are comes from resource saved as disst Resource 2.8.10 In order for schools to achieve effective and explicit instruction that maximizes students knowledge of concepts, skills, and information and ensure students are challenged to remain focused, responsive, and engaged, the following must take place: increase instructional accountability and justification improve the alignment between assessment information and intervention development enhance use of limited resources and time make decisions with accurate and relevant information initiate important instructional decisions earlier and in a more timely manner engage in regular and comprehensive screening for successful and at-risk learners provide effective and relevant support for students who do not respond to core curricula enhance fidelity of instructional implementation (Sugai, 2007). Accomplishing that goal requires integrating social behavioral and academic aspects of group-individual instruction. A successful educational environment is punctuated by clear expectations, high rates of engagement and academic success, high rates of student and teacher praise statements, acknowledgements of appropriate behavior (e.g., verbal and nonverbal positive feedback) and direct systematic instruction that included modeling and role playing activities to replace behavior that disrupts classroom instruction (Hester, et al, 2004). It is evident even in schools, where the most serious offenses have occurred, that there is lack of a proactive plan. A review of information regarding school discipline procedures revealed that of 25 schools, only 2 had a comprehensive and proactive approach to managing student behavior after shooting incidents. The remaining 23 schools had adopted reactive and punitive approaches (Gagnon, Rockwell, Scott, 2008). Schools need something more than a r eactive approach to behavior management (Crone Horner, 2003). The capacity to identify, adopt, and sustain systems that are effective and efficient in meeting the needs of students is what many schools lack. The research showed that, without a successful plan to handle these disruptive behaviors of children, the learning of all children within the environment can be negatively affected. Others affected by these significant disruptive behaviors are school personnel, families and community (Sugai et al., 2000). Thats why its important to have a school-wide, positive, behavior support program. Six thousand schools in 37 states use Positive Behavior Support (PBS) (Danielson, Cobb, Sanchez, Horner, 2007). In Using Staff and Student Time Engaged in Disciplinary Procedures to Evaluate the Impact of School-Wide PBS, Scott Barrett (2004) describe positive behavior support as the application of positive behavioral interventions and systems to achieve social change. Walker, Cheney, Stage and Blum (2005) describe PBS as a 3-tiered model for early intervention with students to prevent school failure due to behavioral difficulties. According to George, et al. (2003), the focal point of PBS is problem behavior prevention using a 3-tiered approach that includes primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Tier 1 aims at school-wide prevention by setting behavioral expectations, teaching students and reinforcing expectation. Tier 2 is for those students who did not respond favorably to Tier 1 and are at risk of social and behavioral problems. Tier 3 is for extreme nonresponders who continue to struggle. These students require individual interventions (Gagnon, Rockwell, Scott, 2008). The Office of Special Education Programs (2004) recommends that the PBS team include an administrator, teachers from each grade level, support staff and parents. They are responsible for developing school-wide behavioral expectations and plans for teaching and reinforcing appropriate behavior. The PBS team is also instrumental in problem solving and data-based decision making. The teams critical role is to ensure that the program is being implemented and any new information is being delivered to the staff (Netzel Eber, 2003). PBS professional development will help the staff understand the program; therefore, commitment and support will arise. This professional development should take place before staff begins planning (Luiselli et al., 2005; Metzler et al., 2001; Netzel Eber, 2003; Oswald et al., 2005; Scott, 2001). Brainstorming activities such as setting behavioral expectations and planning teaching and reinforcement activities is an approach that helps engage the staff (Oswald et al., 2005; Scott, 2001; Turnball et al., 2002). To increase the likelihood of the plan being followed, ensure that the PBS action plan is one thats agreeable to the staff. Program implementation can be promoted by reinforcement of staff for helping to implement the action plan (Netzel Eber, 2003). According to Scott (2001), in order to be effective, all school personnel must be committed to the program. The effectiveness of PBS has been the focus of research. Evidence shows that PBS is an effective approach to student behavior in regular public schools (Sugai Horner, 2005). Cohn (2001) believed that PBS is an empirically validated, function-based approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with prosocial skills. The use of PBS decreases the need for more intrusive or aversive intervention (i.e., punishment or suspension) and can lead to both systematic as well as individualized change. According to Hendley and Lock (2007), when schools properly and effectively implement PBS, students benefit by improved academic achievement and increased appropriate behaviors. Horner, Sugai, and Todd (2001) indicated that office referrals for discipline decrease on average 40-60% when schools implement PBS effectively. Students with behavioral concerns receive increased positive support through behavior interventions that focus on the teaching and reinforcement of appropriate behaviors and social skills development and result in the prevention of behaviors of concern. Numerous studies of office discipline referrals and suspension data indicate that PBS is effective in reducing behavior problems (Kartub et al., 2000; Metzler, Biglan, Rusby, Sprague, 2001; Oswald et al., 2005; Scott, 2001; Turnball et al., 2002). These studies also show that PBS reduces the number of students with repeated behavioral incidences not just those with behavioral problems. Scott and Barrett (2004) studied the impact of reduced disciplinary problems on instructional time and found that following PBS implementation, students experienced many hours of instruction. This is a result of less student time spent in exclusionary punishment and less instructional time was spent on behavioral concerns. Horner et al. (2001) stated that the framework of PBS The following is from resource marked red star dated 1/20/10 pg1 Progress has been made in understanding and developing solutions for disruptive behaviors (Burns, 2002). Teaching experience has been found to be helpful, but not always necessary, when relating to teachers and fostering positive school environments (Smith, Crutchfield, Culbreth, 2001). Recognizing the seriousness of behavior in a classroom is an essential part of teaching. Teacher preparation programs should understand the problems confronting teachers with regard