Germans and people Essay

From the very days of the establishment of Republic in Germany after WW-I, Germany lacked stability. Its foreign policy was not appreciated by Germans and people believed that the Republic was responsible for the humiliation that was meted to Germany after the war. Republic also failed to assert itself strongly in the international affairs. Added to this the great world-wide depression (1929) badly hit Germany, which was already passing through acute economic crisis. Germans felt greatly worried and disillusioned. It was at this state of economic affairs of Germany, that Hitler rose to prominence by his party ‘NAZI’. [more in the third page on Hitler’s Nazism]. RISE OF FASCISM Out of chaos and disorder, fascist party emerged with Mussolini as its leader. The Fascists wore black shirts as uniform and drilled themselves in the military companies. The found a secret organization by name ‘carbonary’ to spread nationalist ideas. The principles of fascism [a] opposed democracy, socialism and liberalism. [b]It placed the interests of the nation above all interests. [c]It deprived capitalists of all their wealth and also prohibited the labourers to go on strike. [d]they believed that their race was the most superior race in the world. They did not believe in peace. They advocated that â€Å"War to a nation what maternity is to women†. RISE OF IMPERIALISM Imperialism is a form of exploitation of one nation by another mainly for two purposes. The first being for industrial purposes and secondly aggressive nationalism. Japan attained victory over Manchuria in 1931 and started systematic conquests of mainlands in China. MILITARY PREPARATIONS Compulsory military education was introduced by Japan, Germany and Italy. Russia gathered war planes, military troops and mechanized army. FAILURE OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS The league failed to stop the race for arms while Germany and Japan did not respect the principles of League. Born in Austria in 1889, he was a great orator and public speaker. He opposed parliamentary system after being upset by Treaty of Versailles. His book ‘Mein Kamf’ became a sort of Nazi Bible. All those who opposed him were hunted out of the country or lead to the gallows. After the post of Chancellor, he declared himself as dictator of Germany and rose to power of prominence admist of Germans economic crisis. Hitler’s imperialistic devices caused tensions in the world and became responsible for another World War. MUSSOLINI Mussolini was born 1883. He started his political career as a socialist agitator. He advocated anti-communist ideas. His fascist party was supported by industrialists. Mussolini joined hands with Hitler and signed an anti-communist pact and thus caused the outbreak of World War-II. Finally he was killed by his own people and fascism came to an end. SPAIN WAR and JAPAN’s attack on Pearl Harbour infuriated another Super Power America and promulgated the outbreak of WW-II.

Explain Kants Ethical theories Essay

Kant’s ethical theory is an absolute and deontological theory. This means that humans are seeking the ultimate end called the supreme good also known as the ‘summon Bonnum’. Kant says that morality is a categorical imperative, this is a duty which must always be obeyed in all possible situations. A categorical imperative is what is needed to find what is right or wrong. Kant argued that to act morally is to do one’s duty, and one’s duty is to obey the moral law. Kant also believe that there was no room for emotion. Kant believe that categorical imperative helps us to know which actions are obligatory and which are forbidden. There are three principles within the categorical imperatives these include Universal law, Treat humans as ends In themselves and Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends. Universal law is putting minority views first. If it is wrong for one person than it is wrong for everyone. An action must not be carried out unless the person believes that the same situation all people would act in the same way. Treat humans as ends in themselves is respecting a person. This means that you can never use human beings for another purpose or to exploit or enslave them, this is because humans are the highest point of creation and demand unique treatment. Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends, this means treat all with respect. Kant believed that all of these helped to create ‘maxims’. A maxim is an absolute moral statement about a universal truth. For example a maxim: Murder is wrong. Therefore it is a universal rule that murdering anyone is wrong. Kant believes that we can only be true moral agents if we are free to make our own decisions. He argues that our freedom to make rational choices is what separates us from animals. He says that is you can do something, you should be able to do something, and if you cannot do something it is unfair to be asked. E.g. it is unfair to ask someone in a wheelchair to run a marathon.

E-marketing Business Plan for GlassInfinity Essay

E-marketing Business Plan for GlassInfinity - Essay Example With the unique nature of this product design, there is the further recognition that Glass Infinity must develop a strong e-marketing business plan. The following constitutes a strategic e-marketing plan to increase online sales, social media awareness, and online advertising reach. The first part of the advertising strategy aimed to increase the product’s social media awareness. While social media are often recognized as constituting a phenomenon for youth culture, research has demonstrated that adults increasingly engage in social networking Lennon & Curran (2012). Lennon & Curran (2012) examined social network users among individuals over 50. This research revealed that these individuals primarily engage in social media as a means of enjoyment. This is contrasted with younger audiences who more fully implement the functional characteristics of these platforms. Today’s most prominent social networking platforms are Facebook and Google’s own Google Plus. ... In this way, the company would develop a platform that individuals could quickly download to their networking account. This platform would use Google Maps and Project Glass to allow individuals to explore major land areas and actually meet up with other people from their friend’s list. The individuals then could post some of their findings to their social networking wall, indicating that they met at a major landmark using Project Infinity. For instance, two people could choose to explore downtown Paris with the interactive eye-wear. As the messages about meet-ups are posted to the online wall, other participants will be encouraged to join, ultimately leading to the real world purchase of this interactive eye-wear. The second part of the strategy aimed to increase the product’s advertising reach. Because of Google’s unique position as the Internet’s primary search engine, this strategic report recognizes that the company can leverage its position in this re alm to promote the product’s advertising reach. In increasing advertising reach, this report recommends that Google consider giving Glass Infinity privileged spots in search engine searches. In addition to leveraging search engine optimization (SEO), this report considers that the company should implement unique methods of advertising. One prominent method that is supported by recent research is blogging. Balaque & Valck (2013) indicates that blogging is an effective tool for expanding advertising outreach when it is implemented in controlled contexts. Goldsmith (1999) considered that high credibility spokespeople markedly improve customer’s belief in the specific product. Rather than targeting one or two celebrities, this

Corporate Social Responsibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example Social concerns basically focus on the issues in which the business affects the society. It is also referred to as ‘social justice’, under it the people, societies and culture are accounted for, they are protected through various social programs such as native lands, predatory lending and other forms of corporate hoarding (SRIplanner, 2011). Governance, or Corporate Governance, is not a widely known concept; however it is of major significance. It refers to the manners and ways in which a corporation is managed, incorporating issues such as transparency, executive compensation and general decision making. Hence, it reflects on how well the firm is including CSR in its policies and abiding by them (SRIplanner, 2011). 1.2. Discuss the links between an organizational Corporate Social Responsibility strategy and the organization’s internal stakeholders. The stakeholders of a business are a crucial determinant of the success of any CSR strategy. The stakeholders of a b usiness can be categorized into two broad categories of internal and external stakeholders. This section focuses on the internal stakeholders and their link with the organization CSR strategy. The internal stakeholders of any business include the shareholders, the visitors and the staff/employees of a business. Their participation in the entire strategy is a key factor for attaining success, for if the key departments or staffs do not understand the program, then they would not support it enthusiastically, therefore an error in communication with internal stakeholders or lack of their involvement can bring down the entire CSR strategy by making it weak from the inside. The offices from which the staff operates should show that the firm is...The stakeholders of a business are a crucial determinant of the success of any CSR strategy. The stakeholders of a business can be categorized into two broad categories of internal and external stakeholders. This section focuses on the internal s takeholders and their link with the organization CSR strategy. The internal stakeholders of any business include the shareholders, the visitors and the staff/employees of a business. Their participation in the entire strategy is a key factor for attaining success, for if the key departments or staffs do not understand the program, then they would not support it enthusiastically, therefore an error in communication with internal stakeholders or lack of their involvement can bring down the entire CSR strategy by making it weak from the inside. The offices from which the staff operates should show that the firm is environmentally friendly, the policies related to social endeavors should be hung around the workplace to depict importance, and the CSR efforts should be made public and transparent so that the employees and the people visiting the office can feel that they are connected to a firm that takes up responsibility and accounts for its actions. When the employees feel good about t he place they work in, there would be lesser employee turnover and increased job satisfaction, and since motivation leads to increased productivity and growth, it is a positive sign for the business.

Our modern German state Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Our modern German state - Dissertation Example The Nazis were aware of the tremendous power that could be wielded with a single image or a particular article. For them, art was just another tool by which they could communicate their agenda and win popular acceptance of their ideas. It was through the subtle inclusion of basic concepts regarding the vileness of the Jewish race and the superiority of the Aryan and German in art and media that the German populace was brought around to Hitler’s way of reasoning. Hitler controlled all aspects of the art world, determining what was printed in the newspapers, discussed on the radio, written about in books, painted, sculpted and constructed. Music and theater were not immune and the Bauhaus School was almost immediately disbanded as a possible threat to the Party. Sculptures in the Greek style were the preferred art form because of the way in which the stone could represent absolute perfection as a frozen moment in time. It was through the film The Eternal Jew that Hitler prepared the public for his extermination campaign against the Jews. However, like his architectural plans for building a cultural mecca at Linz, many of Hitler’s ideas proved to be too large to be realized and projects such as the redesign of Berlin never saw their completion. For the Reich, this implied the elimination of memories of defeat, social turmoil and class confrontation. For the US, paintings served as a powerful link between Germany's present and a retrievable past, while simultaneously facilitating a departure from Germany's cultural isolation and provincialism. The visual arts played a political role in the construction of a new German national heritage, a sanitized and acceptable meta-narrative of the German past.

College app essay answers Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

College app answers - Essay Example and, this was a simple and petite job; however, this internship allowed me to understand the different operations and processes of office administration, which enhanced my knowledge in an efficient manner. Moreover, I had the opportunity to interact with people from diverse backgrounds. Despite of different cultural and social backgrounds, people were working in different ways; however, for one single objective. This cultural and social diversity enhanced my personality traits that will facilitate me in improving socially, as well as, intellectually in a creative manner. During my sophomore and junior years of high school, students from different cultural and social backgrounds were part of our class, and I had the opportunity to coordinate and interrelate with them during different activities of school. Such interaction allowed me to understand that different individuals are developed in diverse backgrounds, and therefore, have varied personality traits. For instance, family and interrelationships play a significant role; however, some individuals gave significance to individualism. In other words, my stay at high school developed me in such a way that I may be able to consider individuals with respect to their culture, social, and intellectual capacities. I gained respect for cultural and social differences from one of our classmates who was from El Salvador. He represented a non-English native country, which resulted in his inefficiency in spoken English. However, he was good, and even best in some other capacities, such as education, sports, etc . In specific, he was considered the best player of our soccer team. Even though he was incapable of grasping English language, he tried his best to coordinate with us in a usual manner like our other classmates. The language barrier was not able to frustrate him at all, which was one of the major reasons that even after such difficulties, he was not infuriated and irritated, which resulted in my respect for cultural

What am I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What am I - Essay Example This means that an individual is what he thinks of himself and what others think of them. For example: if an individual’s mind think that he/she is a good student then an individual will exhibit characteristics that are the characteristics of a good student. These characteristics include studying hard, acting in a disciplined manner in school and class and involving oneself in class activities. These behaviors will result in better grades for the student and will place a positive picture of the student in the minds of the classmates as well as teachers and in turn this will become his/her identity. Individuals need to ensure that there is congruence between what they think they are and what others think they are. In order to attain this congruence they need to change and modify their behaviors according to what they want to be or what their mind tells them to do. In short the answer to the question of What I am is that I am what is want to

Personal Wildly Important Goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Wildly Important Goal - Essay Example According to the study  the team should spend time in discussing the goals. When they talk about them every day, they will have mutual accountabilities towards achieving them. This means that they must be too sure of the goals. This calls for both vertical and horizontal communication among the team members. The team members should be aware of the key measures of success. There is a need for feedback. It is important to let the workers know when they do right. This will be an incentive to the team. However, it is hard to measure how much people are trying. Customer feedback is also important. It gives the organization a sense of evaluating whether it has achieved the goals or not. To achieve set goals and estimated results within the set constraints of time and budget, a manager uses a project. This implies that project management is very crucial in achieving the goals of the firm. All goals should be clearly stated In conclusion, project management is very important in achieving o rganization’s goals. It helps the team to define the most important goals and this result in the achievement of the firm’s strategic plans.

Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Paper - Assignment Example America, unlike other powers before it, was declining in both power and influence at a fast rate. It therefore needed an event that could restore it back to its former glory as the strongest in the world. Contrary to the popular belief that the war was about oil, the gulf intrusion was not. The Gulf catered to only five percent of America’s oil needs. Therefore, losing five percent of oil in the process of gaining super power status was not be an issue for America. 2. John McArthur in his book Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War: The press has its pimps as it has its policemen. The pimp debases it, the policeman subjugates it, and each uses the other as a way of justifying his own abuses†¦ but in another sense the press is better than intelligence or progress; it is the possibility of all that and other things as well. A free press can of course be good or bad, but most certainly, without freedom it will never be anything but bad. (199) Citizens are easily manipulated by the media and it is due to this factor that the government controls and manipulates the media, especially in times of war. The public may be denied information or duped into believing that an invasion would be good to them. 4. â€Å"..driven by the imperatives of a rapidly globalizing cold war, the United States quickly dropped all pretense of championing decolonization, particularly in Southeast Asia. American policy makers not only encouraged, they actively intervened to facilitate France’s return to colonial domination in Indochina.† (Adas, p. 29) 5. â€Å"It is a budget of both opportunity and sacrifice. It begins to grasp the opportunities of the great society. It is restrained by the great sacrifice we must continue to make in order to keep our defenses strong and flexible.† (Campagna, p. 32) The Americans were forced to allocate a lot of funds to continue sustaining the soldiers in Vietnam. This is despite the fact that most people were

Mind-Body Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Mind-Body Problem - Essay Example The five theories include behaviorism, dualism, reductionism, functionalism, and eliminative materialism and each of them has its own tenet in explaining the behavior of a person in a certain context (Turner 4-6). According to dualism perspective of looking at human life, there are different sides of life that conflict or complement each other in the process of an individual acting in a context. For example, according to the theory, one person behaves in a certain way because of the moral dualism that exists between the people and which explains that there are two sides of morality. This means that a person’s actions can be either towards morality or against it, which is shaped by the various ways of defining morality from different contexts and societies or societal description of it (Turner 39-41). Behaviorism is a theory that explains the actions of an individual from the context of the past behavioral actions to predict because the theory argues on the bases of human exper ience in society. This theory argues that what is manifested physically by a person can be used to explain the differences that are in the mind of the individual and people can use clear analysis of behaviors to give explanations that are relevant to predicting their behavior. This means that according to behaviorists, the behavior of a person is consistent according to the things they do or the things they engage themselves and if a person can be able to identify the trends of behavior of another, he or she can be able to predict the way the first person will respond to a situation (Turner 76). According to the functionalist theory, the mental constructs exist because of its function it serves and without such, it cannot be important to the individual who has them. This means the beliefs, desires, and pain exist in the mind of a person because that person needs them to perform an action in the context he or she finds himself or herself. This implies that according to functionalist, mental constructs are void and irrelevant if they do not exist to serve any purpose in the person who has them whether they are perceivable to be good or bad (Turner 78). According to the perspective of the reductionist, a system that is complicated and has many constituents has an influence on the small constituents and they can be used to explain the constituent. According to these theorists, for example, in a society, the general culture shapes the behavior of individuals and these individuals can be used to explain the reasons why culture is the way it is. This means that the individuals in a certain context are dependent on the general context of behavior and therefore, one of them in that context can be used to explain why the groups behave the way it does (Turner 93-94). The theory of eliminative materialism argues that there are no neural bases that can be used to explain various contexts of desire or beliefs of a person since they have poor definitions.  

PMI Certification Essay Example for Free

PMI Certification Essay PMI (2008) certification is quite renowned and if one posses the certification they are usually believed to depict higher degree of professionalism and project management techniques to get across their expertise for the projects to initiate and supervise the project management activities. The question which we are faced is whether a certified PMI individual without any prior working experience in IT project team can be hired successfully or not. The answer to it can be judged with the following reasons: A certificate provides one with enough knowledge to learn the project management activities and appropriate decision making tasks, however it cannot teach one to understand how to avoid those difficulties and complexities in the first place. The decision making abilities can never be learned in theory unless one is exposed to the real scenarios for understanding the very nature of the complexities that can develop with time. Real time experience exposes one to the various unmeasured complexities that can arise which must be solved with proper human skills that cannot be taught in books and texts. The various factors and the dynamic variables which envelopes a project can be better understood if one is open to the social, economic and political elements affecting a project. Often setting costs and budgets are influenced with the economic decisions of the state and influenced with international stock and exchange rates which must be studied accordingly and are never taught in texts. The exceptional situations in the projects like people management, client management are some traits which are learned over time and one is able to judge it with personal ethics which no certification can master. Taking the above suggestions in mind, I would not go forward in hiring the individual with no IT project team expertise and with a PMI certificate. References / Bibliography PMI.org (2008). Retrieved 14, January 2008 from http://www.pmi.org/CareerDevelopment/Pages/Our-Credentials.aspx

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been widely accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the earlier times, the MN assay used to be carried out on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a simple non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been made to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head a nd neck region. The literal meaning of the word Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have two or more such structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the small extra-nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4 The two basic phenomena responsible for the formation of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are formed from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed due to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of sister chromatids.5 – 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its number can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, neither of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus assay is defined as an investigative procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal damage) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. oral, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induced in vivo.12 In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler method for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells formed gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells; thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first barrier for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3. Through this review, we intend to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing significant studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same. Review of Literature In the early studies from the 1980s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral cavity where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This may have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementat ion trials, lifestyle habits, cancer, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Occupational and environmental exposures In the last 15–20 years the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. Several studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking increase in cytogenetic damage (150– 300 MN/1000 cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 3400–4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseases A site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequency in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% increase in MNi in comparison to younger healthy controls, and the MN frequency was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as well in children.21 Results of the stud y carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22 Lifestyle and Host Factors Lifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff dippers from Canada; users of Khaini tobacco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international collaborative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies in relation to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12 A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, found out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tested in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9–2.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of chewing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24 A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen stain, found out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of ÃŽ ± – tocopherol. 25 A study done in India in year 1996, found out an increased micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in each of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 2002 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous o r malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 – positive cells.27 Another study done in India, in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28 A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell c arcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32 Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions: The micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups: (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per day nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes ~7 h to evaluate this numb er of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral mucosa is that the micronuclei are a manifestation of a readily identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei fr equency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37 Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in childrens as well as in adult’s micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different confounding factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lym phocytes or buccal cells.39 Conclusion MN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage. Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an upcoming marker of tumorogenesis. MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases. Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper limit of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.

What Stimulates Entrepreneurship In Large Organizations Commerce Essay

What Stimulates Entrepreneurship In Large Organizations Commerce Essay This paper discusses how large organizations deal with entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship Is often associated with small firms. These small firms are more flexible, they dont have problems with bureaucratic structures and as a consequence they are more speedy in coming up with new inventions. On the other hand, Peter Drucker (innovation and entrepeneurship) states that entrepreneurship is based upon the same principles, whether the entrepreneur is an existing large institution or an individual starting its own venture. So the nature of entrepreneurship is the same in both cases. To succeed in todays unpredictable world, companies large and small must be agile and able to respond quickly to fast-moving markets (Taylor 2001). In this case we will focus on the large companies who have to encounter a lot of problems if they want to implement corporate entrepreneurship. In the first part, we do a literature review concerning corporate entrepreneurship. Here we will look for constraints of and solutions to corporate entrepreneurship. In the second part we combine theory with practice. Through in depth interviews I would like to learn how a large organization (Barco) manages corporate entrepreneurship, what problems they have and if they get result from their actions. ( A big ship isnt easy to turn). I will do this by following a structure based on the framework of Morris (1998). This framework includes the following aspects: systems, structure, strategic direction, policies, people and culture. For every aspect I would like to have an interview with a responsible to get insight on how Barco applies corporate entrepreneurship. By considering every aspect I want to learn which methods Barco applies and which it doesnt apply and why this is the case. Taylor Bernard (2001), From corporate governance to corporate entrepreneurship, Journal of Change Management, 2:2, 128-147 Literature Review Definition: What is corporate entrepreneurship? Definitions of corporate entrepreneurship vary a lot. Some authors speak of intrapreneurship (Gifford Pinchot, 1985), others form corporate venturing (Chesbrough, 2002). von Hippel (1977) defines corporate venturing as an activity that aims at creating new businesses for the corporation through the development of external or internal corporate venture. Corporate entrepreneurship is a term used to describe entrepreneurial behavior inside established organizations (Guth Gingsberg, 1990). Damanpour (1991) states that at a basic level corporate entrepreneurship involves the generation, development and implementation of new ideas and behaviors by a company. Zahra (1991) argues that corporate entrepreneurship can have formal and informal activities aimed at creating new businesses inside of established companies through product and process innovations and market developments. From all the definitions we may conclude that there is no real consensus of what corporate entrepreneurship exactly is. Maybe a definition is to narrow to describe the whole process of corporate entrepreneurship. Corporate entrepreneurship is not an exact science and every firm adapts it in other ways. This is why we may not see this definitions in a strict way. Therefore we will look at corporate entrepreneurship as a system-wide activity undertaken within the context of existing firms. Pinchot, Gifford III, Intrapreneuring: Why You Dont Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur (1985). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigns Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. Chesbrough, H.W. (2002) Making Sense of Corporate Venture Capital, Harvard Business Review, March von Hippel, E. (1977). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Guth, W. D., Ginsberg, A. (1990). Guest editors introduction: Corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal, (Summer),11, 5-15. Damanpour, F. 1991, Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Determinants and Moderators, Personnel ( September): 28-36 Zahra, S. (1991). Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, (July),6, 259-285 Motivation: Why engage in corporate entrepreneurship? Today firms are struggling to reinvent themselves and find ways how they could survive. For some companies its already too late but for others corporate entrepreneurship may be the key to survive. The way of doing business has tremendously changed in the 21st century. Today companies must survive in a fast changing global environment where uncertainty is higher than ever. Firm nowadays need to become flexible and adaptive. One way by doing this is by stimulating entrepreneurship within the organization. Authors argue that entrepreneurship becomes key in the sustainability of large firms ( Baumol, 1996; Audretsch Thurik, 2001). The dynamic that drives real competitive advantage is entrepreneurship and innovation. Previous research also supported a positive relationship between intrapreneurship and growth, profitability, or both ( Covin and Slevin, 1986) for large firms in general, as well as for small firm performance in hostile environments ( Covin and Slevin, 1989) Other reasons for stimulating entrepreneurship are that you take advantage of the in-house genius ( Adams 1996 ) and that you can exploit new market opportunities ( Eggers 1999 ) Baumol, W.J. (1996), Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive, Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1), 3-22 Audretsch, D. B., Thurik, A. R. (2001), Whats new about the new economy? From the managed to the entrepreneurial economy , Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1), 267-315 Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P. (1986), The development and testing of an organizational-level entrepreneurship scale , In R. Ronstadt et al., eds., Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College. Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P. (1989), Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments, Strategic Management Journal 10(January):75-87. Adams, R. V. (1996). Inspiring innovation. International Business, 9, 56-58. Eggers, J. H. (1999). Developing entrepreneurial growth. Ivey Business Journal, (May),63, 76-81. Obstacles for corporate entrepreneurship A lot of large companies started to see the importance of corporate entrepreneurship. These companies were mostly used to work in old bureaucratic ways with a lot of control and hierarchical structures. Nowadays these companies realize that they have to change into entrepreneurial entities. The change from corporate governance to corporate entrepreneurship could be seen as a large problem because it has to deal with all the organizational aspects. To bring in corporate entrepreneurship in an organization everything has to be right. There are a lot of obstacles for corporate entrepreneurship. Given the large number of potential constraints, it is helpful to identify general categories into which they can be grouped. Morris ( 1998) captured obstacles and divided them in six groups: culture, strategic direction, structure, systems, policies and people. This way of structuring seems interesting because we can then think of solutions in a planned way. By considering every aspect we are more focused and keep an overview of different processes who often work together. In this paper I will use and extend the framework of Morris to handle most constraints of corporate entrepreneurship and look how a large company applied solutions to these problems. Let us look at each of the categories in more detail. CULTURE Cornwall and Perlman (1990) define culture as an organizations basic beliefs and assumptions about what the company is about, how it members behave, and how it defines itself in relation to its external environment. Many authors have identified the critical role that corporate culture plays in the organizational process (e.g. Deal Kennedy, 1982; Martin 1992; Sackmann 1992). Cornwall and Perlman (1990) have written that culture is a key determinant of, and the first step in fostering, entrepreneurial activity within an organization. For instance, Sonys success in product innovation has been largely attributed to the success with which the company has inculcated its Sony Spirit in employees (Quinn, 1985). Although setting up a culture may not be that straightforward. Firstly, a culture that is risk averse, or very process driven, is almost by definition discouraging employees from being entrepreneurial. ( Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). Kriegesmann et al. (2005) have noted a tendency within companies to develop zero error cultures as competitive strive to meet high performance standards in a hypercompetitive marketplace. Managers therefore wrongly believe that zero errors are proof of high performance standards. Secondly, companies often cant make clear what they stand for, or do not achieve a consensus over value priorities (Morris, 1998). To stimulate entrepreneurship there should be a clear focus on what the company is about. The elements of a culture should be in line with the vision, mission and strategies of an organization. Thirdly, culture itself is very complex and cannot be easily changed. For example, a non-innovative firm could bring in an extremely entrepreneurial CEO, and it could take seven to ten years (or more) to realize a substantial cultural change (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). Fourthly, The culture itself may be too strong or too commanding. In this manner, homogeneity is stimulated and people are not allowed to think outside the cultural box. This can lead to stagnation and a reduced ability to adapt changes in the environment (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2002). As corporate entrepreneurship asks for change and diversity, a culture that is too imposing could be tremendous for corporate entrepeneurship. Lastly, individualism-collectivism would also appear to be an important dimension of organizational culture (Morris, Davis Allen, 1994). A culture that focuses too much on individualism or collectivism may not be encouraging for corporate entrepreneurship. The result will be modest levels of entrepreneurship (Morris, Davis Allen, 1994). A high individualistic culture may produce strong incentives for entrepreneurial behavior, but will also result in gamesmanship, zero-sum competition, sequestering of information, and the chaotic pursuit of tangential projects having little fit with the organizations competencies or overall direction. (Maidique 1980; Quinn 1985; Reich 1987; Rosenbaum et al. 1980; Steele 1983). Furthermore, individuals will more likely use organizational resources to satisfy self-interests and many tasks will be left incomplete as individuals are unable to obtain cooperation from those have the expertise. (Morris, Davis Allen, 1994). On the other extreme, a strongly collectivist atmosphere may actually give rise to an anti-entrepreneurial bias. Companies therefore may suffer from free-riding or social loafing syndromes. (Earley 1989; Jones 1984; Albanese and Van Fleet 1985). The way in which a firm sets up a good corporate culture and handles the above problems will be determining for the firms entrepreneurial success, as culture gives people direction and keeps the whole organization together. Morris, M. H. 1998. Entrepreneurial Intensity ( Westport, CT: Quorum Books) Deal, T., Kennedy, A. (1982), Corporate cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in organizations: Three perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sackmann, S. (1992), Culture and subcultures. An analysis of organizational knowledge. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 140-161 Cornwall, J. and Perlman, B. (1990) Organisational Entrepreneurship, Homewood, ///.: Irwin. Macmillan. Quinn, J.B. (1985). Managing innovation: Controlled chaos. Harvard Business Review, 73-84 Cloke, K. et al., 2002. The end of management and the rise of organizational democracy, Jossey-Bass. Michael H. Morris, Duane L. Davis, Jeffrey W. Allen (1994), Fostering Corporate Entrepreneurship  : Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Importance of Individualism versus Collectivism, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.25, pp. 65-89 Earley, P. Christopher, (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the Peoples Republic of China, Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 565-81 Jones, Gareth, (1984) Task visibility, free riding, and shirking: Explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9: 684-95 Albanese, Robert David D. Van Fleet. (1985), Rational behavior in groups: The free-riding tendency, Academy of Management Review, 10: 244-55. Kriegesmann, B., Kley, T., and Schwering, M. (2005), Creative errors and Heroic Failures: Capturing Their Innovative Potential, Journal of Business Strategy, 26(3): 57-64 STRATEGIC DIRECTION Michael Porter (1996) draws a critical distinction between strategy and operational effectiveness, arguing that managers are increasingly preoccupied with the latter and ignorant of the former. As operational effectiveness could be effective in the short run, it fails in the long run. Therefore, firms need to find strategies for long run survival. Firms that want to engage in successful corporate entrepreneurship need to have an entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation refers to the strategy-making practices that businesses use to identify and launch corporate ventures (Dess and Lumpkin, 2005). In the absence of an entrepreneurial orientation, the goal of corporate entrepreneurship may not be reached. Furthermore, entrepreneurship in a firm may not be achieved if there is no meaningful direction from the top. This requires good leaders with a clear vision and commitment to entrepreneurship. Instead, top management is often more cautious with new opportunities. This could be a major problem because with no top management support, nobody will feel to engage in entrepreneurial activity and take risks. Hence, middle-and lower-level employees are strongly influenced by the role models found at the top of the firm. In the absence of specific goals for product and process innovation and a strategy for accomplishing such goals, entrepreneurship will only result accidentally or by chance (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). Besides that, firms could also have problems to define a strategy that encounters both exploration and exploitation. As exploration and exploitation are often two opposing forces, the strategy of a firm needs to find a balance between these two. This mental balancing act can be one of the toughest of all managerial challenges -it requires executives to explore new opportunities while working on exploiting existing capabilities (OReilly Tushman, 2004). A final note is that strategy formulation itself is not enough. The actual execution of a strategy is as important as the strategy itself. Implementing the strategy requires adequate structures, systems, procedures and human resource practices. Gregory G. Dess, G.T. Lumpkin (2005), The role of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Stimulating Effective Corporate Entrepreneurship. OReilly C. Tushman M., (2004), The ambidextrous organization, Harvard Business Review, 74-81. Porter, M.E. (1996), What is Strategy?, Harvard Business Review, 74(6): 61-78. STRUCTURE Structure typically depends on a number of factors such as the nature, the size, the strategies and environmental conditions of a firm (Burns, 2005). Although there is no one best structure, it is generally argued that a companys structure follows from the strategy. If entrepreneurship and innovation are integral part of the companys strategy, then inconsistencies with certain general types of structure can be problematic. Morris, Kuratko Covin (2011) state that a hierarchical structure is a typical problem in large organizations. A hierarchical structure seems to be problematic because this reduces the ability to identify market opportunities and to take risk. Entrepreneurship suffers the farther away decision making becomes from everyday operations. Other entrepreneurial barriers within a hierarchical structure are top-down management and restrictive communication channels. In contrast, as an organic structure may be more preferred to stimulate corporate entrepreneurship (e.g. Morris and Kuratko, 2002) , organic structures may also have some pitfalls. For instance, if teams almost work autonomously, this can result in anarchy. Additionally, there is a tendency to continually narrow the span of control of managers over subordinates. The result is over-supervised employees with little room for creativity. To finish, structures that give responsibility for entrepreneurial activities to managers without delegating a certain amount of authority also constraints corporate entrepreneurship as managers will feel frustrated. Therefore, some hierarchy, that gives managers some authority could be desired. Burns P., (2005), Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building an Entrepreneurial Organisation, Palgrave Macmillan Morris, H.M. and Kuratko, D.F. (2002), Corporate Entrepreneurship, Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers. SYSTEMS Large organizations typically depend on a number of formal managerial systems that have evolved over the years. These systems were needed to coordinate the increasingly complex corporate environment and were focused on stability, order and coordination. Within this focus, entrepreneurship is discouraged (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). The question here arises in what way the old systems are obsolete for corporate entrepreneurship. As corporate entrepreneurship requires other systems, companies are forced to try new things. In what way could the old system be used and in what way are new systems required? For example, how do companies use control, budgeting and planning systems that foster innovation and entrepreneurship? Control systems have historically placed a heavy emphasis on efficiency, sometimes ignoring or even undermining effectiveness (Morris, Schindehutte Allen, 2006). Probably, control systems may be too strict for corporate entrepreneurship. Budgeting systems provide no flexibility for the funding of experimental projects and tend to reward the politically powerful. Planning systems are often too harsh and become prescribed, they focus on the planning document rather than the planning process, and often use professional planners instead of relying on the people who really are involved (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). Lastly, these systems could be supported by new technologies. The way in which firms use information and communication technologies could help them achieve a better environment for corporate entrepreneurship. If information systems are absent or deficient, innovation could be slower. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES First of all, it should be clear that policies and procedures are a smaller part of the larger control system. Policies and procedures are in fact the underlying elements of how control systems work. For example, inflexible policies and strict procedures will result in rigid control systems, which, as I have discussed, are tremendous for entrepreneurial activity. The procedures that people have to follow when they want to introduce new entrepreneurial activity may be too strict. Two of the most costly side-effects of detailed operating policies are complex approval cycles for new ventures and detailed documentation requirements (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). This could be seen as red tape for entrepreneurial activity. If procedures are very complex, people are blocked and give up their ideas. Nevertheless, some procedures are definitely required for making decisions about which project may be initiated and which may not. The fact is that those procedures are often too severe. For example procedures often impose unrealistic timetables and performance benchmarks on entrepreneurial programs (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2011). They way in which firms can overcome these strict policies and procedures will lead to better corporate entrepreneurship. PEOPLE Al of the entrepreneurial activity depends on the people, it are the people who have to do it. The treatment of people is done by human resource management. Human resource management is responsible for the recruitment, training, motivation, evaluation and rewarding of people. When a firm engages in corporate entrepreneurship, human resources also need to apply new methods. The main problem with people is that they have a natural tendency to resist change. This is a big problem as entrepreneurship requires a lot of change. How does HR helps to change people minds in the direction of corporate entrepreneurship? What problems do they face? Next to that, people are afraid of failure. It is important for HR to see failure as a process of learning. The way in which HR treats failure may therefore be important for the entrepreneurial people. Another people-related aspect is the lack of skills and talent in the entrepreneurial area. Therefore recruitment and training of qualified people may be very important. A different aspect of corporate entrepreneurship is that people should have some freedom in their work. For example 3M was the first company that introduced organizational slack as a key factor for corporate entrepreneurship, enabling their engineers and scientists to spend 15% of their time on projects of their own design. As a result of this many inventions came out of 3M (e.g., Post it Notes and Scotch Tape). CASE Google. How do other companies do this? Do they also give some time to work on own projects or do they use other methods? How does HR deal with autonomy of their people. Autonomy is necessary for people to work on entrepreneurship. But what is a good autonomy. Shouldnt there be some control? Furthermore, corporate entrepreneurship often requires to work in teams. How does HR helps to form decent teams? How do they encounter the problem of free-riding? One more aspect of HR is that they are responsible for rewarding people. How does HR give bonuses for new entrepreneurial activity. Especially the rewarding of teams may not be that easy. Breaking through the obstacles The way in which an organization can deal with the above obstacles will be determining for their entrepreneurial success. In this section we will look at research that offers solutions to overcome the problems and constraints of corporate entrepreneurship. CULTURE In this section we will look at the literature concerning solutions to set up a decent culture that stimulates entrepreneurship within a firm. First of all, an entrepreneurial culture should have some basic values concerning entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship therefore requires a culture built around risk, innovation, emotional commitment, autonomy, and empowerment, among others (Cornwall and Perlman 1990; Peters 1987; Pinchot 1985; Waterman 1987). It is important that a culture is open for risk-taking and sees failure as an opportunity to learn from. In that way, culture can help to overcome peoples natural tendency to fear failure. For example Nokias culture states that you are allowed to have a bit of fun, to think unlike the norm, where you are allowed to make a mistake (Leavy, 2005, p. 39). In the factories of BMW there is a flop of the month award, given by the senior executive for successful failures (Kriegesmann et al., 2005). Here it is recognized that failure is needed to innovate and learn. Next, a culture needs a clear vision about what the company stands for. It is here that leadership comes into place. It is difficult to build a culture without someone having a vision about the future. According to Covin Slevin (1991), top management values and philosophies are essential variables of firm-level entrepreneurship. There should be a clear voice from top management that gives direction towards an entrepreneurial culture. Moreover, vision, mission and strategy should be aligned. For example, you cant have an entrepreneurial vision when your strategy is imitating competitors. As a final point, the culture should find a good balance between individualism and collectivism. Corporate executives must recognize and proactively manage this dimension of culture. The highest levels of entrepreneurship will occur when a fairly balanced amount of consideration is given to the needs of the individual and the collective (Morris, Davis Allen, 1994). Individuals are needed to provide the vision, commitment, and internal salesmanship because otherwise nothing would be accomplished. But as the process unfolds, the entrepreneur requires teams of people with unique skills and resources. Cornwall, Jeffrey T. Baron Perlman, (1990), Organizational entrepreneurship. Homewood, ///.: Irwin. Peters, Thomas. (1987), Thriving on chaos, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Pinchot, Gifford, ///. (1985), Intrepreneuring, New York: Harper and Row. Waterman, Robert H, (1987), The renewal factor: How the best get and keep the competitive edge, New York, Bantam Books. Leavy, B. (2005), A Leaders Guide to Creating an Innovation Culture, Strategy Leadership, 33(4): 38-45. Jeffrey G. Covin, Dennis P. Slevin (1991), A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior, Baylor University STRATEGIC DIRECTION Many fast-growing young corporations attribute much of their success to an entrepreneurial orientation. By illustration, 3M is a good example of how a corporate strategy can induce internal venture development. Every aspect of 3Ms management approach is aimed at new venture creation and 3Ms policies create a climate of innovation and entrepreneurial development. (Dess and Lumpkin, 2005). Dess and Lumpkin (2005) emphasize the role of entrepreneurial orientation towards successful corporate entrepreneurship. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation include autonomy, innovativeness, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness and risk-taking. Moreover, Geller (1980) argued that a risk-taking, highly venturesome, and innovative top management style is appropriate in invest/grow situations. In a study of Barringer and Bluedorn (1999) a positive relationship was found between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and scanning intensity, planning flexibility, locus of planning, and strategic controls. These are all part of the strategic management practices. Environmental scanning refers to the managerial activity of learning about events and trends in the organizations environment (Hambrick, 1981). Planning flexibility refers to the capacity of a firms strategic plan to change as environmental opportunities/threats emerge. Flexible planning systems allow firms to adjust their strategic plans quickly to pursue opportunities and keep up with environmental change (Stevenson and Jarrillo-Mossi, 1986). The term locus of planning refers to the depth of employee involvement in a firms strategic planning activities. A deep locus of planning involves a high degree of employees from all hierarchical levels in the planning process (Barringer and Bluedorn, 1999). Strategic controls base performance on stragically relevant criteria, contrasting to objective financial information (Gupta, 1987; Hoskisson and Hitt, 1988). Examples of strategic control measures include customer satisfaction criteria, new patent registrations, quality control, etc. Next, the challenge to balance exploitation and exploration could be seen as a major task for the top management. The companys leaders must decide if they should house mainstream and newstream activities in physically separate units within the organization (spatial separation approach) or if major innovative activity should be periodically performed within mainstream units (temporal separation approach) (Baden-Fuller and Volberda, 1997). According to Morris, Kuratko and Covin (2011) organizational ambidexterity is encouraged when top-level managers assume direct responsibility for both mainstream and newstream. By placing themselves in roles where they directly interact with both the exploitation-focused and exploration-focused sides of their organizations, top managers can more effectively balance the resource commitments needed to achieve current and future competitiveness. Finally, top managers help create ambidextrous organizations by setting explicit goals for innovative outcome. For example 3M wants at least 25 percent of its annual sales coming from products introduced over the preceding five years. Lastly, the implementation of a firms entrepreneurial strategy relies largely on middle-level managers. According to Kuratko et al. (2005), Middle-level managers endorse, refine, and shepherd entrepreneurial opportunities and identify, acquire, and deploy resources needed to pursue those opportunities. Baden-Fuller, C., and Volberda, H. 1997. Strategic Renewal: How Large Complex Organizations Prepare for the Future, International Studies of Management Organization, 27(2): 95-120 Geller, A. (1980), Matching people to business strategies, Financial Executive, 48(10), 18-21. Bruce R. Barringer, Allen C. Bluedorn, The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 20: 421-444. Hambrick, D.C. (1981), Specialization of environmental scanning activities among upper level executives Journal of Management Studies, 18, pp. 299-320. Gupta, A.K. (1987), SUB strategies, corporate-SBU relations, and SBU effectiveness in strategy implementation, Academy of Management Journal, 30, pp. 477-500. Hoskisson, R.E. and M.A. Hitt (1988), Strategic control systems and relative RD investment in large multiproduct firms, Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), pp. 605-621 Kuratko, D.F., Ireland, R.D., Covin, J.G. and Hornsby, J.S. (2005), A Model of Middle-Level Managers Entrepreneurial Behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6): 699-716. STRUCTURE Structural context, according to Burgelman (1983) refers to the various administrative mechanisms which top management can manipulate to influence the perceived interest of the strategic actors at the operational and middle levels in the organization. The corporate entrepreneurship and the innovation literatures indicate that one method of managing the uncertainties of innovation is through organizational structure (Burgelman, 1983, 1984; Nielsen, Peters Hisrich, 1985; Tornatzky et al., 1983). In general, results indicate a link between higher levels of innovation and more organic structures (rather than mechanistic structures) characterized by decentralization, lack of formalization, open communication, broader span of control and high levels of complexity ( for example: Covin Slevin, 1990; Burns Stalker, 1961; Pierce Delbecq, 1973; Tornatzky et al., 1983). Supporting a flexible/fluid organizational structure that minimizes bureaucracy and maximizes adhocracy; and by evaluating innovative schemes in terms of their contribution to a coherent str

Buddhism versus Bartleby the Scrivener Essay -- Buddha Religion Herman

Buddha Bartleby Buddhism is currently the fourth most popular religion in our society today, following Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Its major ideologies are based on the philosophies of Siddhartha Guatama, also known as â€Å"Buddha†, who began his teachings in 598 BCE at the age of 35, according to Buddhist texts. A Buddhist’s foremost aspiration is the obtainment of Bodhi, or enlightenment through meditation and Anapana-sati (awareness of the breath). Buddhism shares many ideologies with India’s Hinduism and Yoga such as non-harming, non-violence, and self-awareness. In many instances, people regard Buddhism as a way of life rather than a religion, for it has no clear belief in the idea of a God or Gods. Its structure is built upon a hierarchy much like Christianity where superior orders such as Lamas or the Dalai Lama are said to be chosen by nature through the process of reincarnation rather than by a council like Christianity’s Pope. Though these â€Å"higher level† Buddhists are rare (not everyone is a reincarnation of an ancient Buddhist â€Å"priest†), all are permitted to follow â€Å"The Middle Way† either as a Buddhist monk or the simple attendance of a weekly teaching session from time to time. Throughout the last few hundred years the Buddhist population has blossomed into a healthy 381,611,000 and over fifteen different sects including Zen, Mahayana, and Theravada. For decades scholars and writers have attempted to find the historical analogies and symbolic figures that created Herman Melville’s short story â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street†. The story describes the setting of a small â€Å"law-copyists or scriveners† office on Wall Street and the unexpected arrival of an unknown character named Bartleby (Melville... ...ningful demise. So this Buddhistic view simply gives us an ideal understanding of Bartleby’s perplexing, meaningless actions and helps us realize that Bartleby might not be as crazy as he seems. He’s just trying to find his way†¦ Works Cited Melville, Herman. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street.† Melville’s Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall. New York: Norton, 2002. 3-35. Franklin, H. Bruce. "Bartleby: The Ascetic's Advent." Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall. New York: Norton, 2002. 176-85. Sten, Christopher W. "Bartleby the Transcendentalist: Melville's Dead Letter to Emerson." Modern Language Quarterly 35 (1974): 30-44. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"The Transcendentalist†. EmersonCentral. Nov. 27, 2007. .

Female Representation on the Board of Directors :: womens studies, business

Hillman, Shropshire and Cannella (2007) seeks to answer the question of why do some organizations have women on their board of directors while others do not? This review will seek to identify the objective of the study; basic assumptions and theories deployed; identify the hypothesis and research methodologies used in testing the assumptions, and discuss the results before reaching a conclusion. The research question is appropriate because it focused on the characteristics organisations have that are likely pointers to the level of female representation on its board. Previous research looked at female representations based on work group level (e.g Cox & Nkomo, 1991; Milliken & Martins, 1996) or on an individual level. In addition, despite the several agitations and literatures that show the accrued benefits of having more women on board( e.g Blackman, 2004; Browder, 1995; Gasparino &Boyce, 1998), recent statistics shows that men still hold a greater number of seats on boards of US firms. Schnake et al (2006:31). What could be the reason for this? What are the common attributes/characteristics of these organisations where there are women on their boards? These were referred to as organisational predictors. According to Hillman et al, focusing on organizational characteristics that are predictive of women on corporate boards allows us to systematically explore under what conditions a firm’s board is more likely to include female directors (2007:941). This represents the underlying objective of this study. In achieving this, references were made to existing theory and hypotheses were developed and tested. The resource dependence theory was used as the theoretical framework in the search to answers for these questions. It examines the interdependence between organizations and entities in their external environment. Pfeffer, Pfeffer & Salancik, cited in Hillman et al (2007:942). The Resource dependence theory is also, hinged on the fact that no organisation can succeed without the derived benefits they get from external entities. This remains a crucial factor in board recruitment and female board members can provide such benefits to their organisations. The article is based on deductive research, which entails testing of hypotheses derived from existing theories and concept (Gummesson as cited in University of Leicester 2008:187). The hypotheses tested were as follows 1. Organisational size is positively associated with female representation on a board of directors 2. Firms in industries with greater female employment bases are positively associated with female representation on boards of directors 3. A firm’s level of diversification is positively associated with female representation on its board of directors

Classroom Management :: Papers

Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Ward's class are: 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are: First time a rule is broken: Warning Second time: Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time: Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time: Phone call to parents Fifth time: Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts: 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will receive for following the rules. 3. Classroom Management :: Papers Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Ward's class are: 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are: First time a rule is broken: Warning Second time: Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time: Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time: Phone call to parents Fifth time: Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts: 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will receive for following the rules. 3.

Analysis of Daddy by Sylvia Plath

Anna Fink ENGL 210-0824T Essay 1 Schumacher Daddy by Sylvia Plath The definition of father is a male parent. For some people the word father goes much deeper than that. A father is someone who protects you and loves you, gives you guidance and advice, and is the one person you can always count on. But for some people a father is just that, a male parent; a person you barely know, or a person you have come to fear. In Sylvia Plath’s poem, Daddy, she tells a chilling description of a man whom she compares to Hitler, a man who is her daddy. In the poem Daddy, the speaker unfolds a disturbing description of a father.Plath uses elements that we see happened in her real life and also events of the most horrific mass murder in the world’s history, the Holocaust. Many different metaphors are used to describe the relationship the speaker had with her father: a swastika, a Nazi, like God, and a vampire. The speaker describes herself as a victim, referring to herself as a Jew. The speaker is not necessarily a Jew but she wants the reader to see the relationship she had with her father to be like the relationship between a Nazi (her father) and a Jew (herself).In the poem the speaker talks of revenge and killing her father and also killing her husband. The climactic part of the poem is the speaker finally telling her father that she is through with him. In the first stanza the speaker describes her father as a black shoe that she has been living in her whole life and how she is not going to live that way anymore. In these lines: â€Å"For thirty years, poor and white, / Barely daring to breathe or Achoo. † (4-5) you can see the fear that the speaker lived in for thirty years. She was too scared of her father to even sneeze.In stanzas two and three is where the speaker introduces the audience to the idea that she has killed her father. â€Å"Daddy I have had to kill you. / You died before I had time—â€Å"(6-7). Here it is unclear as to whether the speaker actually killed her father because he died before she had time to do something. The speaker could be saying that she killed her father but only in her mind. â€Å"I used to pray to recover you / Ach, du† (14-15). The speaker says â€Å"recover you† which means â€Å"regain† beings she tries to get her father back into her life, but when she says â€Å"used to† the impression is she no longer needs or wants her father in her life. Ach, du† is German meaning â€Å"Oh, you† but it is unclear as to whether the speaker is angry or sad. (Shmoop, 2013). Stanzas four through six describe the Polack town where the speaker’s father came from, but lines (19-23) â€Å"But the name of the town is common / My Polack friend / Says there are a dozen or two. / So I could never tell where you / Put your foot, your root,† the speaker explains that she will never know where her father came from. The speaker continues on into the German language and how it terrified her because it reminded her of her father.She says how she could barely speak around him and â€Å"The tongue stuck in my jaw. / It stuck in a barb wire snare. † (25-26) describes how painful it was to talk to her father or in German. â€Å"I thought every German was you. / And the language obscene† (29-30). Here the speaker sees every German as her father and how language disturbs her. The speaker has terrible memories of her father. (Shmoop, 2013). The speaker then begins to compare herself to a Jew and describes the relationship between her father as that of a Jew and a Nazi in lines (34-35), â€Å"I began to talk like a Jew. I think I may well be a Jew. † The fear and terror she experiences around her father is very disturbing because of the metaphor she uses. The speaker uses the next stanza to describe her father’s appearance. She has always feared him and his German characteristics: his language, the German air force. His â€Å"neat mustache† and â€Å"blue eye† (43-44). A mustache iconic of Hitler’s and blue eye referring to the ideal human race of blue-eyed blondes that Hitler was trying to create. (Shmoop, 2013). â€Å"I was ten when they buried you. / At twenty when I tried to die / And get back, back, back to you. I thought even the bones would do. † (57-60). The speaker’s father died when she was ten and ten years later she tried to kill herself. Sylvia Plath also tried to kill herself when she was about twenty years old. The speaker, just like Plath, did not succeed. The speaker tried to kill herself in hopes to get closer to her father. She thinks that by dying their spirits or at least their bones will be together. (Shmoop, 2013). After the speaker had recovered she decided what she needed to do next was make a model of her father. â€Å"And then I knew what to do. I made a model of you,† (63-64). Now she doesn’t mean a physical model, bu t a person. She decided to marry a man like her father. The speaker describes this man to qualities like that of Hitler (like her father) and his love for the â€Å"rack and screw† (66) which are both gruesome instruments used for torture. Next in line 71, â€Å"If I’ve killed one man, I’ve killed two –â€Å"the speaker implies that not only has she â€Å"killed† her father but she has killed her husband now. â€Å"The vampire who said he was you / And drank my blood for a year, / Seven years, if you want to know. † (72-74).The speaker again uses the word vampire except now she is using it to describe her husband. Her husband is described to be sucking the life out of her just a vampire sucks the blood from a body, just like her father did for thirty years. At first the speaker makes it sound like she has been married for only a year, but then changes it to seven. This could be because their marriage has run together in a blur of unhappine ss and upon further thought she realizes it has actually been seven years. Sylvia Plath was married to Ted Hughes for about seven years, as well. (Shmoop, 2013).The ending of the poem the speaker uses to say that her father needed to be killed just like a vampire with a stake to the heart. â€Å"There’s a stake in your fat, black heart. † (76). Then the speaker tells us that nobody liked her father either and they danced on his grave because they also saw him to be like that of a vampire, sucking the life out of people and the reason for so much unhappiness. The very last line of the poem, â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through. † (80), the speaker uses to finally be done with her father. This is the peak of the poem and I picture the speaker to spit this line right at father and finally free herself. Shmoop, 2013). In Sylvia Plath’s poem, Daddy, she tells a chilling description of a man whom she compares to Hitler, a man who is her daddy. Th is poem uses many different metaphors to compare different things: vampires, black hearts, a black shoe, Nazis and Jews. All of these add to the image the speaker is trying to create of her father. The cruelty of this man is completely disturbing. The word â€Å"daddy† is usually used as term of endearment for a father, but in this poem the speaker uses it sarcastically to demean her father because he never truly was a father to her.The fear and horror inflicted on the speaker comes out in the poem in the angry tone she uses throughout the piece. Daddy? This man was no father at all. Sources â€Å"Daddy: Stanza 16 Summary. † Shmoop: Homework Help, Teacher Resources, Test Prep. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. http://www. shmoop. com/daddy-sylvia-plath/stanza-16-summary. html. Plath, Sylvia. â€Å"Daddy – Sylvia Plath. † internal. org > poets. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. http://www. internal. org/Sylvia_Plath/Daddy.

Corporate Partnerships

Hurley Corporate Partnerships Corporate partnerships allow schools to gain extra cash by advertising a product or service around the school, this allows the school to gain extra money and the company possible sales. The supporters of corporate partnerships argue that it is a necessity for cash stripped schools. However the other side argues that school environment should be ad free and uninfluenced by corporations. I believe that corporate partnerships are a necessary part of our schools and only hold benefits, up to a certain point.Too much advertising could be distracting or even annoying for students, it should be up to the school to decide the perfect balance of education and ads. The advocates for corporate partnerships argue that; it provides schools with money that they possibly couldn't have raised before. They argue that the money gained could be used on multiple things, from things such as buying new updated books, hiring new teachers or even to finance a new wing for the m ain building as In the case of Calcareous HAS. Monitored advertisements for a certain product possibly oldest have an effect on student focus or learning.In Calcareous HAS we have ad banners on the bleachers near the football field. From my experience I haven't seen any student second glance at them or even give them a second thought, but It does provide the school with much needed money for construction projects. Who knows If we would've been able to afford a new wing to replace the portables without that aid. The opposing side argues that corporate partnerships take away from the learning environment. They argue that schools should always provide an environment free room corporate Influence and ads.What the backers of the opposing side don't take into account Is that students are already Influenced by ads every day, from the clothes they wear to the food they eat. Students see ads on TV's, radios, the Internet, the APS on their phone etc. Seeing ads In a school won't affect the st udent dramatically enough to dissuade him or her from learning. The promoters for the opposing side argue that corporate Influence In critical places such as the library or classrooms could distract the student from learning and are too extreme.I agree with this because classrooms and library are the place of learning, you should be able to read a book or write an essay without an advertisement for the new Nikkei shoes In your face. I believe that advertisements In learning areas would be annoying and are a violation of the students rights. This Is a heated topic that requires much thought and research. While advertisements In critical learning areas might be annoying and a hindrance to the average student. Overall It's obvious that corporate partnerships are necessary and re a good source of side revenue for schools.By exaggeratedly books, hiring new teachers or even to finance a new wing for the main building as in any student second glance at them or even give them a second thoug ht, but it does provide the school with much needed money for construction projects. Who knows if from corporate influence and ads. What the backers of the opposing side don't take into account is that students are already influenced by ads every day, from the clothes they wear to the food they eat. Students see ads on TV's, radio's, the internet, he APS on their phone etc.Seeing ads in a school won't affect the student opposing side argue that corporate influence in critical places such as the library or read a book or write an essay without an advertisement for the new Nikkei shoes in your face. I believe that advertisements in learning areas would be annoying and are This is a heated topic that requires much thought and research. While advertisements in critical learning areas might be annoying and a hindrance to the average student. Overall it's obvious that corporate partnerships are necessary and

Case Review Law of Tort

TRESPASS TO LAND BUKIT LENANG DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD v. TELEKOM MALAYSIA BHD & ORS [2012] 1 CLJ FACTS The plaintiff purchased a land from Oakfield Enterprises Sdn Bhd through a sale and purchase agreement dated 15 May 1996. The plaintiff was aware at that time of the presence of squatters on the land. Following the said purchase, the plaintiff commenced eviction proceedings against the squatters and succeeded in obtaining judgment where the court ordered that the squatters surrender vacant possession of the subject land to plaintiff.The plaintiff’s solicitors demanded that second defendant cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004. Plaintiff brings a suit due to second defendant’s refusal to comply with the demand. The defence counsel, however, argued that second defendant could not be held liable for trespass in view of its statutory obligation under the Electricity Supply Act 1990 (ESA), and the plai ntiff had failed to distinguish between the lots owned by the plaintiff and the rest of the land.ISSUES 1. Whether second defendant's failure to comply with plaintiff's demand to cease supply of electricity and remove structures in plaintiff's land can be amounted to trespass to land? 2. Whether second defendant liable for trespass to a certain extent? JUDGMENT 1. The High Court had come to a conclusion that the second defendant liable for trespass to the extent of supplying electricity to legal occupants in plaintiff's land.The illegal occupants did not have the authority to allow TNB as licensee to place any structures on the land of its cables or wires to run over the plaintiff’s lots which would be trespass. A valid and subsisting High Court order declaring the occupants’ status as squatters or trespassers had been served on second defendant and they had to comply with the plaintiff’s demand to cease supply of electricity premised on a valid and enforceable order.Second defendant as a public utility provider had failed to discontinue the trespass when due notice of illegal occupation had been given. 2. Plaintiff had vide its solicitors’ letter of 28 April 2004 put second defendant to notice that the court had determined that the occupiers on the plaintiff's land who had been supplied electricity were trespassers and the lot numbers owned by the plaintiff were supplied. The defence raised there was no evidence of any response from second to the effect that the plaintiff’s lots could not be identified from the entire piece of land.The occupants being squatters were strangers to the plaintiff whereas second defendant was in possession of records showing their identities and location of the households that had electricity supply. Hence, the issue of non-identification or demarcation of the plaintiff’s lots did not arise in this case. 3. So, second defendant were held liable for trespassing plaintiff's land by placing c ables and wires to run over plaintiff's lots and also by supplying electricity to illegal occupants in plaintiff's land.COMMENTARY I agree on behalf of High Court's decision where second defendant (Telekom Malaysia Bhd) should be liable for trespassing into plaintiff's (Bukit Lenang Development Sdn Bhd). This is because they had been informed earlier by plaintiff's solicitor to cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004 but they still failed to do so. They also know that the people they are supplying the electricity are illegal occupants of plaintiff's land.From a legal view, even by placing something on other's land and continue the act would be considered as trespass to land. So, second defendant had trespass plaintiff's land intentionally as they were informed earlier to comply with it. Furthermore, second defendant's action of supplying electricity to the illegal occupants is regarded as immoral by abetting a nd conspires with them to occupy plaintiff's land illegally. Therefore, in moral view, they should avoid from doing so. In conclusion, High Court's decision that second defendant liable for trespassing plaintiff's land is reasonable.PASSING OFF DANONE BISCUITS MANUFACTURING (M) SDN BHD V. HWA TAI INDUSTRIES BHD [2010] 8 MLJ 500 FACTS In early April 2001, the Plaintiff discovered that the defendant, Hwa Tai Industries Bhd, had been manufacturing and selling chocolate chip cookies bearing the trademark â€Å"Chipsplus†. The plaintiff subsequently requested that the defendant cease the manufacture and sale of cookies bearing this trademark, on the basis that the trademark, as well as get-up and packaging of the product, were confusingly similar to their registered â€Å"ChipsMore† mark.However, the defendant refused to do so, and as such, the plaintiff sued the defendant for trademark infringement and passing off. The plaintiff argued that the defendant’s â€Å"Ch ipsplus† trademark infringed upon its registered trademark, while the similar get-up and packaging of the cookies amounted to the defendant passing off its â€Å"Chipsplus† cookies as the Plaintiff’s â€Å"ChipsMore† cookies, and this affected their business, reputation and goodwill in Malaysia.The defendant however denied the plaintiff’s claims, and further contended that the â€Å"ChipsMore† registration had lapsed, and was therefore invalid. ISSUES 1. Whether Hwa Tai Industries Bhd is liable for passing off defendant's chocolate chip cookies â€Å"ChipsMore† trademark? JUDGMENT 1. It was held that the defendant’s mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† used on chocolate chip cookies were to bring result in confusion to the public as the mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† and the Plaintiff’s registered mark for â€Å"CHIPSMORE† for the same product are conceptually similar.The court found that the defendant was liable for infring ement because the plaintiff had a registration certificate and renewal certificate evidencing a valid trademark, and the Plaintiff had not given the defendant permission to use their trademark. Furthermore, as â€Å"Chipsplus† was similar to â€Å"ChipsMore†, there was a possibility of confusion or deception amongst the public. Court found in the plaintiff’s favour and allowed the plaintiff’s claim for infringement and passing off. COMMENTARYI am against the decision made by the court as the mark ‘CHIPSPLUS' used by defendant was like merely to use the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' to promote their new cookies products with extra and additional chips and it is not necessary to prove that the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' can be used by plaintiff only. Other manufacturers can have freedom to use any appropriate word as label for their products as long as it does not totally imitate other manufacturer's product label. Plaintiff maybe has the idea to promote their c hips cookies by using the ‘CHIPSPLUS' word too and not have the intention to pass off defendant's trademark.